Section 2.6

Hamiltonian Paths and Cycles

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Problem 2.6.1

The faces of a Hamiltonian plane graph can be properly colored in 4 colors.

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Remark.
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A Hamiltonian path (cycle) in a graph is a path (cycle) passing through each vertex exactly once.

Recall (Sec. 2.1) that the length of a path is the number of its edges (not vertices).

Problem 2.6.2
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(1)

If a graph is connected and 2e≥n2−3n+62e \geq n^{2} - 3n + 6, then it has a Hamiltonian cycle.

(2)

The Dirac--Ore theorem. A graph in which the sum of the degrees of any two non-adjacent vertices is at least nn has a Hamiltonian cycle.

(3)

Dirac's lemma. If a0…asa_{0} \ldots a_{s} is a maximal one among the paths in the graph that pass through each of their vertices only once, s≥3s \geq 3 and deg⁡a0+deg⁡as>s\deg a_{0} + \deg a_{s} > s, then this graph has a non-self-intersecting cycle of length ss.

(4)

If a connected graph has a non-self-intersecting cycle of length s<ns < n, then this graph has a path of length ss passing through each of its vertices only once.

(5)

A graph in which the sum of the degrees of any two non-adjacent vertices is at least n−1n-1 has a Hamiltonian path.

Problem 2.6.3

Suppose that for some graph and some integer k≥2k \geq 2, among any k+1k+1 vertices of the graph there is an edge, and after deleting any set of k−1k-1 vertices the graph remains connected. Then this graph has a Hamiltonian cycle.

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Problem 2.6.4

Suppose that among any k+1k+1 vertices of a graph there is an edge, and after deleting any set of k−1k-1 vertices the graph remains connected.

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(1)

This graph has at least one non-self-intersecting cycle.

(2)

Denote by v1,…,vsv_{1}, \ldots , v_{s} a maximal non-self-intersecting cycle in this graph. Denote by WW any connected component of the graph obtained from the original graph by deleting the vertices of this non-self-intersecting cycle. Denote by XX the set of vertices of the non-self-intersecting cycle that are adjacent to WW.

Then ∣X∣≥k\left|X\right| \geq k.

(3)

The vertices vi,vi+1v_{i}, v_{i+1} do not both lie in XX.

(4)

If vi,vj∈Xv_{i}, v_{j} \in X, then the graph has no edge vi+1vj+1v_{i+1} v_{j+1}.

Problem 2.6.5
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(1)

Is there a Hamiltonian path in the graph in Fig. 8?

Fig. 8. Does this graph have a Hamiltonian path?Fig. 8. Does this graph have a Hamiltonian path?

(2)

Is there a Hamiltonian cycle in the graph in Fig. 9?

Fig. 9. The graph of the Grinberg polyhedron. Does it have a Hamiltonian path?Fig. 9. The graph of the Grinberg polyhedron. Does it have a Hamiltonian path?

(3)

For which nn is there a Hamiltonian cycle in the graph whose vertices are the 3-element subsets of an nn-element set, two subsets being joined by an edge if they intersect in exactly one element?

Problem 2.6.6

The maximum number of pairwise edge-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles in the graph KnK_{n} equals [n−12]\left[\dfrac {n-1}{2}\right].

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Problem 2.6.7
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(1)

Every tournament has a directed Hamiltonian path.

(2)

For every nn there exists a tournament with nn vertices that has at least n!/2nn! / 2^{n} directed Hamiltonian paths.

Remark.
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A tournament is a directed graph in which any two vertices are joined by an edge. (That is, for any two vertices v,wv, w of a tournament, its edges include (v,w)(v,w) or (w,v)(w,v), but not both.)

Problem 2.6.8

The line graph of a graph GG is the graph whose vertices are the edges of GG; two vertices of the line graph are joined by an edge if the corresponding edges of GG have a common vertex. Find, in terms of the graph GG, a necessary and sufficient condition for its line graph to have a Hamiltonian cycle.

See also [Ve].

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