Infinitely Large Sequences and Infinite Limits

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Prove that the sequences

?
(a)

xn=(−1)nnx_{n}=(-1)^{n} n;

(b)

xn=2nx_{n}=2^{\sqrt{n}};

(c)

xn=lg⁡(lg⁡n)(n≥2)x_{n}=\lg (\lg n) \quad (n \geq 2)

have infinite limits as n→∞n \to \infty (that is, become infinite), that is: for any E>0E>0, find a number N=N(E)N=N(E) such that when n>Nn>N, ∣xn∣>E\left|x_{n}\right|>E. Corresponding to each case above, fill in the table below:

EE10100100010000⋯\cdots
NN

Prove that

xn=n(−1)n(n=1,2,…) x_{n}=n^{(-1)^{n}} \quad (n=1,2,\ldots )

is unbounded, but as n→∞n \to \infty it does not become infinite.

?

Express the following statements using inequalities:

?
(a)

lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim \limits_{n \to \infty } x_{n}=\infty;

(b)

lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞\lim \limits_{n \to \infty } x_{n}=-\infty;

(c)

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞\lim \limits_{n \to \infty } x_{n}=+\infty.

Prove that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞n=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } n = +\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞(5−0,5n)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(5-0,5 n) = -\infty;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞(−1)nn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(-1)^{n} n = \infty;

(4)

lim⁡n→∞an=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } a^{n} = \infty, where ∣a∣>1\left|a\right| > 1;

(5)

lim⁡n→∞n−1003=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \sqrt[3]{n-100} = +\infty;

(6)

lim⁡n→∞n1/p=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } n^{1 / p} = +\infty, where p∈Np \in \mathbb {N};

(7)

lim⁡n→∞lg⁡n=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \lg n = +\infty;

(8)

lim⁡n→∞log⁡an=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \log_{a} n = +\infty, where a>1a > 1;

(9)

lim⁡n→∞log⁡an=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \log_{a} n = -\infty, where 0<a<10 < a < 1.

Prove that for lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty, it is necessary and sufficient that lim⁡n→∞∣xn∣=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left|x_{n}\right| = +\infty.

?

Let lim⁡n→∞yn=+∞(lim⁡n→∞yn=−∞)\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = +\infty \left(\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = -\infty \right), and suppose that for all nn from some index onward, xn⩾cynx_{n} \geqslant c y_{n} (respectively xn⩽cynx_{n} \leqslant c y_{n}), where c>0c > 0. Prove that lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty (respectively lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = -\infty).

?

Let lim⁡n→∞yn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = +\infty, and suppose that for all nn from some index onward, ∣xn∣⩾cyn\left|x_{n}\right| \geqslant c y_{n}, where c>0c > 0. Prove that lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty.

?

Prove that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞n2=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } n^{2} = +\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞np=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } n^{p} = +\infty, where p⩾1p \geqslant 1;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞(2n−5)5=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(2 n-5)^{5} = +\infty;

(4)

lim⁡n→∞(lg⁡n)3=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(\lg n)^{3} = +\infty;

(5)

lim⁡n→∞(log⁡an)p=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(\log_{a} n\right)^{p} = +\infty, where a>1,p⩾1a > 1, p \geqslant 1;

(6)

lim⁡n→∞(0,5−(−1)nn3)=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(0,5-(-1)^{n} \sqrt[3]{n}\right) = \infty;

(7)

lim⁡n→∞(−n)n=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(-n)^{n} = \infty;

(8)

lim⁡n→∞(4n−n)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(4 \sqrt{n}-n) = -\infty.

?
(1)

Let xn≠0,lim⁡n→∞xn=0x_{n} \neq 0, \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = 0. Prove that lim⁡n→∞1xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{1}{x_{n}} = \infty.

(2)

Let xn≠0,lim⁡n→∞xn=∞x_{n} \neq 0, \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty. Prove that lim⁡n→∞1xn=0\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{1}{x_{n}} = 0.

Prove that {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\}-- is an infinitely large sequence, if xnx_{n} equals:

?
(1)

(n10)n\left(\frac{n}{10}\right)^{n}

(2)

n2n+8\frac{n^{2}}{n+8}

(3)

n!4n\frac{n !}{4^{n}}

(4)

12n−1\frac{1}{\sqrt[n]{2}-1}

(5)

21−nn\frac{2}{1-\sqrt[n]{n}}

(6)

5nn2\frac{5^{n}}{n^{2}}

(7)

annk\frac{a^{n}}{n^{k}}, where ∣a∣>1,k∈N\left|a\right| > 1, k \in \mathbb {N}.

?
(1)

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty and yn⩾cy_{n} \geqslant c for all n∈Nn \in \mathbb {N}. Prove that lim⁡n→∞(xn+yn)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(x_{n}+y_{n}\right) = +\infty.

(2)

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = -\infty and yn⩽cy_{n} \leqslant c for all n∈Nn \in \mathbb {N}. Prove that lim⁡n→∞(xn+yn)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(x_{n}+y_{n}\right) = -\infty. that:

?
(1)

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=a\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = a, where aa is +∞+\infty or −∞-\infty. Prove that:

  1. if for all nn from some index onward, yn⩾c>0y_{n} \geqslant c > 0, then lim⁡n→∞xnyn=a\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = a;

  2. if for all nn from some index onward, yn⩽c<0y_{n} \leqslant c < 0, then lim⁡n→∞xnyn=−a\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = -a.

(2)

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty and for all nn from some index onward, ∣yn∣⩾c>0\left|y_{n}\right| \geqslant c > 0. Prove that lim⁡n→∞xnyn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = \infty.

Prove that:

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(1)

lim⁡n→∞(5/n−n)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(5 / n-n) = -\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞(lg⁡n+2cos⁡πn)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(\lg n+2 \cos \pi n) = +\infty;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞nnn+1=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n \sqrt{n}}{n+1} = +\infty; b∈Rb \in \mathbb {R};

(4)

lim⁡n→∞(an+b)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(a n+b) = +\infty for a>0,lim⁡n→∞(an+b)=−∞a > 0, \quad \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }(a n+b) = -\infty for a<0a < 0,

(5)

lim⁡n→∞n4−100nn2+100=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n^{4}-100 n}{n^{2}+100} = +\infty;

(6)

lim⁡n→∞(n2−1−n)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(\sqrt{n^{2}-1}-\sqrt{n}\right) = +\infty;

(7)

lim⁡n→∞1n(n2−1−n)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(\sqrt{n^{2}-1}-n\right)}} = -\infty.

Write, using the symbols ∀,∃\forall , \exists, the definition of the fact that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = -\infty

Formulate in "ε−N\varepsilon -N language" and write, using the symbols ∃,∀\exists , \forall, the negations of the statements that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = -\infty.

Are the statements true:

?
(1)

every infinitely large sequence is unbounded;

(2)

every unbounded sequence is infinitely large?

Formulate in positive form the statements:

?
(1)

the sequence does not tend to ∞\infty;

(2)

the sequence does not tend to +∞+\infty;

(3)

the sequence does not tend to κ−∞\mathbf{\kappa }-\infty.

Prove that the sequence {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\} is unbounded, but does not tend to ∞\infty, if:

?
(1)

xn=n2cos⁡(πn/2)x_{n} = n^{2} \cos (\pi n / 2);

(2)

xn=n(−1)nx_{n} = n^{(-1)^{n}}

(3)

xn=n1+nsin⁡(πn/2),n∈Nx_{n} = \frac{n}{1+n \sin (\pi n / 2)}, n \in \mathbb {N}.

Prove that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞n3−n+3n2+1=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n^{3}-n+3}{n^{2}+1} = +\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞n3−100n2+100=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n^{3}-100}{n^{2}+100} = +\infty.

For which а does the sequence

xn=n4+1n3−2−an25n+2,n∈N x_{n} = \frac{n^{4}+1}{n^{3}-2}-\frac{a n^{2}}{5 n+2}, \quad n \in \mathbb {N}

converge to:

?
(1)

+∞+\infty;

(2)

−∞-\infty;

(3)

a finite limit?

For which pp and qq in NN does the sequence

xn=a0np+a1np−1+…+ap−1n+apb0nq+b1nq−1+…+bq−1n+bq,n∈N x_{n} = \frac{a_{0} n^{p}+a_{1} n^{p-1}+\ldots +a_{p-1} n+a_{p}}{b_{0} n^{q}+b_{1} n^{q-1}+\ldots +b_{q-1} n+b_{q}}, \quad n \in \mathbb {N}

where a0≠0,b0≠0a_{0} \neq 0, b_{0} \neq 0, have:

?
(1)

a finite limit;

(2)

an infinite limit?

Prove that:

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(1)

lim⁡n→∞n!=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \sqrt{n !} = +\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞2n−1=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } 2^{\sqrt{n-1}} = +\infty;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞n2log⁡a(n+1)=+∞,a>1\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n^{2}}{\log_{a}(n+1)} = +\infty , a > 1;

(4)

lim⁡n→∞ln⁡n!n=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{\ln n !}{n} = +\infty.

Prove that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞nn−n+1=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n}{\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n+1}} = -\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞n3(n+1−n−n−1)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \sqrt{n^{3}}(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}) = -\infty.

For which а does the sequence

xn=n2+nα−n,n∈N x_{n} = \sqrt{n^{2}+n^{\alpha }}-n, \quad n \in \mathbb {N}

converge to:

?
(1)

+∞+\infty;

(2)

a finite limit? In the second case, find this limit.

Prove that lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty, if xnx_{n} equals:

?
(1)

(n+1)(n+2)…(2n−1)2nnn\frac{(n+1)(n+2) \ldots (2 n-1) 2 n}{n^{n}};

(2)

n!n\sqrt[n]{n !};

(3)

(1+1n)n2\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^{n^{2}};

(4)

(1+12n)n!\left(1+\frac{1}{2^{n}}\right)^{n !};

(5)

1n(1+2+…+n)\frac{1}{n}(1+\sqrt{2}+\ldots +\sqrt{n}).

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=∞,yn≠0,n∈N\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty , y_{n} \neq 0, n \in \mathbb {N}, and suppose that for all nn from some index onward, ∣yn∣⩽C\left|y_{n}\right| \leqslant C. Prove that

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{x_{n}}{y_{n}} = \infty
?

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=x\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = x, where xx is a nonzero number, and lim⁡n→∞yn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = \infty (or equals +∞,−∞+\infty ,-\infty). Prove that:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = \infty (respectively equals +∞,−∞+\infty ,-\infty) for x>0x > 0;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = \infty (respectively equals −∞,+∞-\infty ,+\infty) for x<0x < 0.

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty. Is it true that:

?
(1)

if ∣yn∣⩽C,n∈N\left|y_{n}\right| \leqslant C, n \in \mathbb {N}, then lim⁡n→∞xnyn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = \infty;

(2)

if yn⩾xn,n∈Ny_{n} \geqslant x_{n}, n \in \mathbb {N}, then lim⁡n→∞yn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = \infty;

(3)

if lim⁡n→∞yn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = \infty, then lim⁡n→∞(xn+yn)=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(x_{n}+y_{n}\right) = \infty?

?
(1)

Let

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞,lim⁡n→∞yn=+∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty , \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = +\infty

or

lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞,lim⁡n→∞yn=−∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = -\infty , \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = -\infty

Prove that lim⁡n→∞xnyn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = +\infty.

(2)

Let

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞,lim⁡n→∞yn=−∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty , \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = -\infty

Prove that lim⁡n→∞xnyn=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = -\infty.

Indicate sequences {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\} and {yn}\left\{ y_{n}\right\} such that

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞,lim⁡n→∞yn=+∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty , \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = +\infty

and, moreover:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞(xn−yn)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(x_{n}-y_{n}\right) = +\infty;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞(xn−yn)=1\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(x_{n}-y_{n}\right) = 1;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞(xn−yn)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(x_{n}-y_{n}\right) = -\infty;

(4)

the sequence {xn−yn}\left\{ x_{n}-y_{n}\right\} has neither a finite nor an infinite limit.

Indicate sequences {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\} and {yn}\left\{ y_{n}\right\} such that

lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞,lim⁡n→∞yn=+∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty , \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = +\infty

and, moreover:

?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=0\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{x_{n}}{y_{n}} = 0

(2)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=1\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{x_{n}}{y_{n}} = 1;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{x_{n}}{y_{n}} = +\infty;

(4)

the sequence {xn−yn}\left\{ x_{n}-y_{n}\right\} has neither a finite nor an infinite limit.

Indicate sequences {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\} and {yn}\left\{ y_{n}\right\} such that and, moreover:

lim⁡n→∞xn=0,lim⁡n→∞yn=∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = 0, \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } y_{n} = \infty
?
(1)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=0\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = 0;

(2)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=1\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = 1;

(3)

lim⁡n→∞xnyn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = \infty;

(4)

the sequence {xnyn}\left\{ x_{n} y_{n}\right\} has neither a finite nor an infinite limit.

Prove that if lim⁡n→∞xn=∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = \infty, then the sequence {∑k=1nxn}\left\{ \sum_{k = 1}^{n} x_{n}\right\} is unbounded.

?

Let xn>0x_{n} > 0 for all n⩾n0n \geqslant n_{0}. Prove that the sequence Sn=∑k=1nxk,n∈NS_{n} = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} x_{k}, n \in \mathbb {N}, has a limit, finite or infinite.

?

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞,xn>0\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty , x_{n} > 0. Prove that

lim⁡n→∞(1+1xn)xn=e. \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(1+\frac{1}{x_{n}}\right)^{x_{n}} = e.
?
?
(1)

Prove that if the sequences {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\} and {yn}\left\{ y_{n}\right\} are such that

lim⁡n→∞(∣xn+yn∣−∣xn−yn∣)=+∞, \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty }\left(\left|x_{n}+y_{n}\right|-\left|x_{n}-y_{n}\right|\right) = +\infty ,

then

lim⁡n→∞∣xn∣=lim⁡n→∞∣yn∣=lim⁡n→∞xnyn=+∞ \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty }\left|x_{n}\right| = \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty }\left|y_{n}\right| = \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} y_{n} = +\infty
(2)

Prove that the converse statement also holds.

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(1)

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=+∞,mn=inf⁡k⩾n{xk},n∈N\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = +\infty , m_{n} = \inf_{k \geqslant n}\left\{ x_{k}\right\} , n \in \mathbb {N}. Prove that lim⁡n→∞mn=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } m_{n} = +\infty.

(2)

Let lim⁡n→∞xn=−∞,Mn=sup⁡k⩾n{xk},n∈N\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n} = -\infty , M_{n} = \sup_{k \geqslant n}\left\{ x_{k}\right\} , n \in \mathbb {N}. Prove that lim⁡n→∞Mn=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } M_{n} = -\infty.

The function ff is unbounded above (below) on a set XX. Prove that there exists a sequence {xn},xn∈X,n∈N\left\{ x_{n}\right\} , x_{n} \in X, n \in \mathbb {N}, such that lim⁡n→∞f(xn)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } f\left(x_{n}\right) = +\infty (respectively lim⁡n→∞f(xn)=−∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } f\left(x_{n}\right) = -\infty).

?

Given a countable set of sequences {xn(k)}\left\{ x_{n}^{(k)}\right\} (k=1,2,…)(k = 1,2, \ldots ) such that xn(k)>0x_{n}^{(k)} > 0 for any n,k∈Nn, k \in \mathbb {N} and lim⁡n→∞xn(k)=+∞\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } x_{n}^{(k)} = +\infty for any k∈Nk \in \mathbb {N}. Prove that there exists a sequence {bn}\left\{ b_{n}\right\} such that

$\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } b_{n} = 0 \quad \text{ and } \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{b_{n}}{x_{n}^{(k)}} = 0 \text{ for any } k \in \mathbb {N} \text{. }$
?

Let {xn}\left\{ x_{n}\right\} be an increasing unbounded sequence, xn≠0,n∈Nx_{n} \neq 0, n \in \mathbb {N}. Let KnK_{n} be the number of terms of this sequence not exceeding n (n∈N)n\, (n \in \mathbb {N}). Prove that if one of the limits

$\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{K_{n}}{n} \quad \text{ or } \quad \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{n}{x_{n}}$

exists, then so does the other, and these limits are equal.

?

References

[Dem97] Demidovich B.P. Сборник задач и упражнений по математическому анализу. 13-е изд., Издательство Московского университета / Издательство "ЧеРо", 1997.
[ККЧ+03] Кудрявцев Л.Д., Кутасов А.Д., Чехлов В.И., Шабунин М.И. Предел. Непрерывность. Дифференцируемость. 2-е изд., ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2003.