Verifying that a function solves a PDE

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Prove that the function

u=ln⁡(x−a)2+(y−b)2 u=\ln \sqrt{(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}}

(aa and bb are constants) satisfies the Laplace equation

∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2=0. \dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}=0 .
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Prove that the function

u=12aπte−(x−b)24a2t u=\dfrac {1}{2a\sqrt{\pi t}}e^{-\frac{(x-b)^{2}}{4a^{2}t}}

(aa and bb are constants) satisfies the heat conduction equation

∂u∂t=a2∂2u∂x2. \dfrac {\partial u}{\partial t}=a^{2}\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} .
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Prove that the function

u=1r u=\dfrac {1}{r}

(where r=(x−a)2+(y−b)2+(z−c)2r=\sqrt{(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}+(z-c)^{2}}), when r≠0r \neq 0, satisfies the Laplace equation

Δu≡∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2+∂2u∂z2=0. \Delta u \equiv \dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}+\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}}=0 .
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Prove that the function

u=C1e−ar+C2earr u=\dfrac {C_{1}e^{-ar}+C_{2}e^{ar}}{r}

(where r=x2+y2+z2r=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}} and C1,C2C_{1}, C_{2} are constants) satisfies the Helmholtz equation

∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2+∂2u∂z2=a2u. \dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}+\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}}=a^{2}u .
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Prove that the function

z=xnf(yx2) z=x^{n}f\left(\dfrac {y}{x^{2}}\right)

(where ff is an arbitrary differentiable function) satisfies the equation

x∂z∂x+2y∂z∂y=nz. x\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+2y\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=nz .
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Prove that

z=yf(x2−y2) z=yf(x^{2}-y^{2})

(where ff is an arbitrary differentiable function) satisfies the equation

y2∂z∂x+xy∂z∂y=xz. y^{2}\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+xy\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=xz .
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Verify the following identity: y∂z∂x−x∂z∂y=0y\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}-x\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=0, if z=φ(x2+y2)z=\varphi (x^{2}+y^{2}).

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Verify the following identity: x2∂z∂x−xy∂z∂y+y2=0x^{2}\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}-xy\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}+y^{2}=0, if z=y23x+φ(xy)z=\dfrac {y^{2}}{3x}+\varphi (xy).

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Verify the following identity: (x2−y2)∂z∂x+xy∂z∂y=xyz(x^{2}-y^{2})\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+xy\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=xyz, if z=exφ(yex22y2)z=e^{x}\varphi \left(ye^{\frac{x^{2}}{2y^{2}}}\right).

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Verify the following identity: x∂u∂x+αy∂u∂y+βz∂u∂z=nux\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x}+\alpha y\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial y}+\beta z\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial z}=nu, if u=xnφ(yxα,zxβ)u=x^{n}\varphi \left(\dfrac {y}{x^{\alpha }},\dfrac {z}{x^{\beta }}\right).

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Verify the following identity: x∂u∂x+y∂u∂y+z∂u∂z=u+xyzx\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x}+y\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial y}+z\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial z}=u+\dfrac {xy}{z}, if

u=xyzln⁡x+xφ(yx,zx). u=\dfrac {xy}{z}\ln x+x\varphi \left(\dfrac {y}{x},\dfrac {z}{x}\right) .
?

Verify the following identity: ∂2u∂t2=a2∂2u∂x2\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial t^{2}}=a^{2}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}, if u=φ(x−at)+ψ(x+at)u=\varphi (x-at)+\psi (x+at).

?

Verify the following identity: ∂2u∂x2−2∂2u∂x∂y+∂2u∂y2=0\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-2\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}=0, if

u=xφ(x+y)+yψ(x+y). u=x\varphi (x+y)+y\psi (x+y) .
?

Verify the following identity: x2∂2u∂x2+2xy∂2u∂x∂y+y2∂2u∂y2=0x^{2}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+2xy\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+y^{2}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}=0, if

u=φ(yx)+xψ(yx). u=\varphi \left(\dfrac {y}{x}\right)+x\psi \left(\dfrac {y}{x}\right) .
?

Verify the following identity: x2∂2u∂x2+2xy∂2u∂x∂y+y2∂2u∂y2=n(n−1)ux^{2}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+2xy\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+y^{2}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}=n(n-1)u, if

u=xnφ(yx)+x1−nψ(yx). u=x^{n}\varphi \left(\dfrac {y}{x}\right)+x^{1-n}\psi \left(\dfrac {y}{x}\right) .
?

Verify the following identity: ∂u∂x∂2u∂x∂y=∂u∂y∂2u∂x2\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}=\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial y}\dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}, if u=φ[x+ψ(y)]u=\varphi \left[x+\psi (y)\right].

?

Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) defined by the equation

Φ(x−az,y−bz)=0(1) \Phi (x-az, y-bz)=0 \tag {1}

[where Φ(u,v)\Phi (u,v) is an arbitrary differentiable function of the variables uu, vv, and aa and bb are constants] is a solution of the equation

a∂z∂x+b∂z∂y=1 a\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+b\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=1

Describe the geometric nature of the surface (1).

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Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) defined by the equation

Φ(x−x0z−z0,y−y0z−z0)=0(2) \Phi \left(\dfrac {x-x_{0}}{z-z_{0}}, \dfrac {y-y_{0}}{z-z_{0}}\right)=0 \tag {2}

[where Φ(u,v)\Phi (u,v) is an arbitrary differentiable function of the variables uu and vv] satisfies the equation

(x−x0)∂z∂x+(y−y0)∂z∂y=z−z0. (x-x_{0})\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+(y-y_{0})\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=z-z_{0} .

Describe the geometric nature of the surface (2).

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Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) defined by the equation

ax+by+cz=Φ(x2+y2+z2)(3) ax+by+cz=\Phi (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}) \tag {3}

[where Φ(u)\Phi (u) is an arbitrary differentiable function of the variable uu, and aa, bb and cc are constants] satisfies the equation

(cy−bz)∂z∂x+(az−cx)∂z∂y=bx−ay. (cy-bz)\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+(az-cx)\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=bx-ay .

Describe the geometric nature of the surface (3).

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The function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) is given by the equation

x2+y2+z2=yf(zy) x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=yf\left(\dfrac {z}{y}\right)

Prove that:

(x2−y2−z2)∂z∂x+2xy∂z∂y=2xz. (x^{2}-y^{2}-z^{2})\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+2xy\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=2xz .
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The function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) is given by the equation

F(x+zy−1,y+zx−1)=0 F(x+zy^{-1}, y+zx^{-1})=0

Prove that:

x∂z∂x+y∂z∂y=z−xy. x\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}+y\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=z-xy .
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Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) defined by the system of equations

{xcos⁡α+ysin⁡α+ln⁡z=f(α),−xsin⁡α+ycos⁡α=f′(α) \begin{cases} x\cos \alpha +y\sin \alpha +\ln z=f(\alpha ) , \\ -x\sin \alpha +y\cos \alpha =f'(\alpha ) \end{cases}

[where α=α(x,y)\alpha =\alpha (x,y) is a parameter and f(α)f(\alpha ) is an arbitrary differentiable function] satisfies the equation

(∂z∂x)2+(∂z∂y)2=z2. \left(\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}\right)^{2}+\left(\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}\right)^{2}=z^{2} .
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Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) given by the system of equations

{z=αx+yα+f(α),0=x−yα2+f′(α) \begin{cases} z=\alpha x+\dfrac {y}{\alpha }+f(\alpha ) , \\ 0=x-\dfrac {y}{\alpha ^{2}}+f'(\alpha ) \end{cases}

satisfies the equation

∂z∂x∂z∂y=1. \dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=1 .
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Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) defined by the system of equations

{[z−f(α)]2=x2(y2−α2),[z−f(α)]f′(α)=αx2 \begin{cases} \left[z-f(\alpha )\right]^{2}=x^{2}(y^{2}-\alpha ^{2}) , \\ \left[z-f(\alpha )\right]f'(\alpha )=\alpha x^{2} \end{cases}

satisfies the equation

∂z∂x∂z∂y=xy. \dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}=xy .
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Prove that the function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) given by the system of equations

{z=αx+yφ(α)+ψ(α),0=x+yφ′(α)+ψ′(α) \begin{cases} z=\alpha x+y\varphi (\alpha )+\psi (\alpha ) , \\ 0=x+y\varphi '(\alpha )+\psi '(\alpha ) \end{cases}

satisfies the equation

∂2z∂x2∂2z∂y2−(∂2z∂x∂y)2=0. \dfrac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial x^{2}}\dfrac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial y^{2}}-\left(\dfrac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial x \partial y}\right)^{2}=0 .
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Prove that the implicit function z=z(x,y)z=z(x,y) defined by the equation y=xφ(z)+ψ(z)y=x\varphi (z)+\psi (z) satisfies the equation

(∂z∂y)2∂2z∂x2−2∂z∂x∂z∂y∂2z∂x∂y+(∂z∂x)2∂2z∂y2=0. \left(\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}\right)^{2}\dfrac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial x^{2}}-2\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial y}\dfrac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial x \partial y}+\left(\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}\right)^{2}\dfrac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial y^{2}}=0 .
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Let f(x)f(x) be a twice-differentiable function and F(x)F(x) a differentiable function. Prove that the function

u(x,t)=12[f(x−at)+f(x+at)]+12a∫x−atx+atF(z) dz u(x,t)=\dfrac {1}{2}\left[f(x-at)+f(x+at)\right]+\dfrac {1}{2a}\int _{x-at}^{x+at}F(z)\, dz

satisfies the wave equation for a vibrating string

∂2u∂t2=a2∂2u∂x2 \dfrac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}=a^{2}\dfrac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}

together with the initial conditions: u(x,0)=f(x)u(x,0)=f(x), ut′(x,0)=F(x)u'_{t}(x,0)=F(x).

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Let f(x,y)f(x,y) be continuous; prove that the function

u(x,y)=12∫0xdξ∫ξ−x+yx+y−ξf(ξ,η) dη u(x,y) = \dfrac {1}{2}\int _{0}^{x} d\xi \int _{\xi -x+y}^{x+y-\xi } f(\xi ,\eta )\, d\eta

satisfies the equation

∂2u∂x2−∂2u∂y2=f(x,y). \dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-\dfrac {\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}=f(x,y) .
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Verify that ∂u∂t=a2∂2u∂x2\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = a^{2}\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}, if u=1te−x2/(4a2t)u = \frac{1}{\sqrt{t}} e^{-x^{2}/(4a^{2}t)}.

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Verify that x∂u∂x+y∂u∂y+z∂u∂z=0x\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+y\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+z\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} = 0, if u=(xy)z/yu = \left(\frac{x}{y}\right)^{z/y}.

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Compute ∂2u∂x2−2∂2u∂x∂y+∂2u∂y2\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-2\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}, if u=φ(x+y)u = \varphi (x+y).

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Compute x2∂2u∂x2−2xy∂2u∂x∂y+y2∂2u∂y2x^{2}\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-2xy\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+y^{2}\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}, if u=f(x2+y2)u = f\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right).

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Compute ∂2u∂x2⋅∂2u∂y2−(∂2u∂x∂y)2\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} \cdot \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}-\left(\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}\right)^{2}, if u=φ(xy)u = \varphi (xy).

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The function called the potential of the ball x2+y2+z2=a2x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2} = a^{2} is defined by the equalities:

u={2πa2−2π3(x2+y2+z2),for x2+y2+z2<a2;4πa33x2+y2+z2,for x2+y2+z2≥a2. u = \begin{cases} 2\pi a^{2}-\frac{2\pi }{3}(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}), & \text{for } x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2} < a^{2}; \\ \frac{4\pi a^{3}}{3\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}, & \text{for } x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2} \geq a^{2}. \end{cases}

Verify that uu and its first derivatives are continuous for any xx, yy, and zz, and that the Laplacian

Δu=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2+∂2u∂z2=0or −4π, \Delta u = \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}} = 0 \quad \text{or } -4\pi ,

depending on whether the point M(x,y,z)M(x,y,z) lies outside the ball x2+y2+z2=a2x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2} = a^{2} or inside it.

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Prove that if f(u)f(u) is an arbitrary differentiable function, then the function φ(x;y)\varphi (x ; y) satisfies the given equation:

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(1)

φ=yf(x2−y2),y2∂φ∂x+xy∂φ∂y=xφ\varphi = y f\left(x^{2}-y^{2}\right), y^{2} \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}+x y \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y} = x \varphi;

(2)

φ=xy+xf(yx),x∂φ∂x+y∂φ∂y=xy+φ\varphi = x y+x f\left(\frac{y}{x}\right), x \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}+y \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y} = x y+\varphi;

(3)

φ=sin⁡x+f(sin⁡y−sin⁡x),cos⁡y∂φ∂x+cos⁡x∂φ∂y=cos⁡xcos⁡y\varphi = \sin x+f(\sin y-\sin x), \cos y \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}+\cos x \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y} = \cos x \cos y;

(4)

φ=eyf(yex2/(2y2)),(x2−y2)∂φ∂x+xy∂φ∂y=xyφ\varphi = e^{y} f\left(y e^{x^{2} /\left(2 y^{2}\right)}\right),\left(x^{2}-y^{2}\right) \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}+x y \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y} = x y \varphi.

Prove that if f(u;v)f(u ; v) is an arbitrary differentiable function, then the function φ(x;y;z)\varphi (x ; y ; z) satisfies the given equation:

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(1)

φ=f(xy;x2+y−z2),2xz∂φ∂x+2yz∂φ∂y+(2x2+y)∂φ∂z=0\varphi = f\left(\frac{x}{y} ; x^{2}+y-z^{2}\right), 2 x z \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}+2 y z \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y}+\left(2 x^{2}+y\right) \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial z} = 0;

(2)

φ=f(x−yxy;(x−y)e−z2/2)\varphi = f\left(\frac{x-y}{x y} ;(x-y) e^{-z^{2} / 2}\right), x2z∂φ∂x+y2z∂φ∂y+(x+y)∂φ∂z=0x^{2} z \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}+y^{2} z \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y}+(x+y) \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial z} = 0

(3)

φ=xαf(yxβ;zxγ),x∂φ∂x−βy∂φ∂y−γz∂φ∂z=αφ\varphi = x^{\alpha } f\left(y x^{\beta } ; z x^{\gamma }\right), \quad x \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}-\beta y \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial y}-\gamma z \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial z} = \alpha \varphi.

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(1)

Prove that the two-dimensional Laplace equation

Δu=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2=0 \Delta u = \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}} = 0

is satisfied by the following functions:

  1. u=ex(xcos⁡y−ysin⁡y)u = e^{x}(x \cos y-y \sin y);

  2. u=xch⁡xsin⁡y+ysh⁡xcos⁡yu = x \operatorname {ch} x \sin y+y \operatorname {sh} x \cos y;

  3. u=arctg⁡(y/x)u = \operatorname {arctg}(y / x);

  4. u=ln⁡r,r=(x−a)2+(y−b)2u = \ln r, r = \sqrt{(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}}.

(2)

Find the function φ(t)\varphi (t), given that the function u=φ(x2+y2x)u = \varphi \left(\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{x}\right) satisfies the Laplace equation.

(3)

Prove that if the function u(x;y)u(x ; y) satisfies the Laplace equation, then the function

v=u(xx2+y2;yx2+y2) v = u\left(\frac{x}{x^{2}+y^{2}} ; \frac{y}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right)

also satisfies this equation.

Prove that:

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(1)

the function u=1/r,r=(x−a)2+(y−b)2+(z−c)2u = 1 / r, r = \sqrt{(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}+(z-c)^{2}} satisfies the three-dimensional Laplace equation

Δu=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2+∂2u∂z2=0 \Delta u = \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}} = 0
(2)

if the function u(x;y;z)u(x ; y ; z) satisfies the Laplace equation, then the function

v=1ru(xr2;yr2;zr2),r=x2+y2+z2 v = \frac{1}{r} u\left(\frac{x}{r^{2}} ; \frac{y}{r^{2}} ; \frac{z}{r^{2}}\right), \quad r = \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}

also satisfies this equation;

(3)

if the functions u1(x;y;z),u2(x;y;z)u_{1}(x ; y ; z), u_{2}(x ; y ; z) satisfy the Laplace equation, then the function v=u1+(x2+y2+z2)u2v = u_{1}+\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}\right) u_{2} satisfies the biharmonic equation

Δ(Δv)=∂4v∂x4+2∂4v∂x2∂y2+∂4v∂y4=0 \Delta (\Delta v) = \frac{\partial ^{4} v}{\partial x^{4}}+2 \frac{\partial ^{4} v}{\partial x^{2} \partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4} v}{\partial y^{4}} = 0

Prove that the function

u=1/rn−2,n>2,r=∑k=1n(xk−ak)2 u = 1 / r^{n-2}, \quad n > 2, \quad r = \sqrt{\sum _{k = 1}^{n}\left(x_{k}-a_{k}\right)^{2}}

satisfies the nn-dimensional Laplace equation

Δu=∑k=1n∂2u∂xk2=0 \Delta u = \sum _{k = 1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}} = 0
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Prove that the function

u=C1e−kr+C2ekrr u = \frac{C_{1} e^{-k r}+C_{2} e^{k r}}{r}

where r=x2+y2+z2,k,C1,C2r = \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}, k, C_{1}, C_{2} are constants, satisfies the Helmholtz equation

∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2+∂2u∂z2=k2u \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial z^{2}} = k^{2} u
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Prove that:

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(1)

the function u(t,x)=12aπtex/(4a2t)u(t,x) = \frac{1}{2a\sqrt{\pi t}} e^{x/(4a^2t)} satisfies the heat equation

∂u∂t=a2∂2u∂x2 \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = a^{2} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}
(2)

if the function u(t,x)u(t, x) satisfies the heat equation, then the function

v(t,x)=1ate−x2/(4a2t)u(xa2t,−1a4t) v(t, x) = \frac{1}{a \sqrt{t}} e^{-x^{2} /\left(4 a^{2} t\right)} u\left(\frac{x}{a^{2} t},-\frac{1}{a^{4} t}\right)

also satisfies this equation.

Prove that the function

u(t;x1;…;xn)=1(2aπt)ne−r2/(4a2t),r2=∑k=1nxk2 u\left(t ; x_{1} ; \ldots ; x_{n}\right) = \frac{1}{(2 a \sqrt{\pi t})^{n}} e^{-r^{2} /\left(4 a^{2} t\right)}, \quad r^{2} = \sum _{k = 1}^{n} x_{k}^{2}

satisfies the nn-dimensional heat equation

∂u∂t=a2∑k=1n∂2u∂xk2 \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = a^{2} \sum _{k = 1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x_{k}^{2}}
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Prove that the function u(t;x)=1teix2/(4t)u(t ; x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{t}} e^{i x^{2} /(4 t)} satisfies the Schrödinger equation

i∂u∂t+∂2u∂x2=0 i \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} = 0
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(1)

Let ff and gg be twice differentiable functions. Prove that the function

u(x;y)=f(x)+g(y) u(x ; y) = f(x)+g(y)

satisfies the equation

∂2u∂x∂y=0 \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y} = 0
(2)

Find a function u(x;y)u(x ; y) satisfying the conditions:

  1. ∂2u∂x∂y=0,u(x;x)=x,∂u(x,x)∂x=x2\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y} = 0, u(x ; x) = x, \frac{\partial u(x, x)}{\partial x} = x^{2};

  2. ∂2u∂x∂y=x+y,u(x;0)=sin⁡x,u(0;y)=y\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y} = x+y, u(x ; 0) = \sin x, u(0 ; y) = y.

Prove that the one-dimensional wave equation

∂2u∂t2=a2∂2u∂x2 \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial t^{2}} = a^{2} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}

is satisfied by the following functions:

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(1)

u=x/(x2−a2t2)u = x /\left(x^{2}-a^{2} t^{2}\right);

(2)

u=Asin⁡ωxcos⁡aωtu = A \sin \omega x \cos a \omega t;

(3)

u=f(x+at)+g(x−at)u = f(x+a t)+g(x-a t), where ff and gg are arbitrary twice differentiable functions.

Find a function u(t;x)u(t ; x) satisfying the conditions

∂2u∂t2=∂2u∂x2,u(t;2t)=t,∂u(t;2t)∂t=t2 \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial t^{2}} = \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}, \quad u(t ; 2 t) = t, \quad \frac{\partial u(t ; 2 t)}{\partial t} = t^{2}
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Prove that the function u(t;x;y)=1a2t2−x2−y2u(t ; x ; y) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^{2} t^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}} satisfies the two-dimensional wave equation

∂2u∂t2=a2(∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2) \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^2} = a^{2} \left(\frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^2} \right)
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Let ff and gg be arbitrary twice differentiable functions. Prove that the function uu satisfies the given equation:

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(1)

u=xf(x+y)+yg(x+y),∂2u∂x2−2∂2u∂x∂y+∂2u∂y2=0;u = x f(x+y)+y g(x+y), \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-2 \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}} = 0 ;

(2)

u=f(x+2t)ex/2−t+g(x−2t),∂2u∂t2−4∂2u∂x2+2∂u∂t+4∂u∂x=0u = f(x+2 t) e^{x / 2-t}+g(x-2 t), \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial t^{2}}-4 \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+2 \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+4 \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = 0;

(3)

u=f(xy)+xyg(yx),x2∂2u∂x2−y2∂2u∂y2=0u = f(x y)+\sqrt{x y} g\left(\frac{y}{x}\right), x^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-y^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}} = 0;

(4)

u=f(x−t)+g(x+t)x,∂2u∂t2=∂2u∂x2+2x∂u∂xu = \dfrac {f(x-t)+g(x+t)}{x}, \quad \dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial t^{2}} = \dfrac {\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+\dfrac {2}{x} \dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x};

(5)

u=f(x+2−y)+g(x−2−y),∂2u∂x2+y∂2u∂y2+12∂u∂y=0u = f(x+2 \sqrt{-y})+g(x-2 \sqrt{-y}), \quad \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}+y \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} = 0, y<0y < 0;

(6)

u=f(xy)+g(xy),x2∂2u∂x2−y2∂2u∂y2=y∂u∂y−x∂u∂xu = f(x y)+g\left(\frac{x}{y}\right), x^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-y^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}} = y \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}-x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x};

(7)

u=f(x)g(y),u∂2u∂x∂y=∂u∂x∂u∂yu = f(x) g(y), u \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y} = \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \frac{\partial u}{\partial y};

(8)

u=f(x+g(y)),∂u∂x∂2u∂x∂y=∂u∂y∂2u∂x2u = f(x+g(y)), \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y} = \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}.

Prove that if the equation y=xf(u)+g(u)y = x f(u)+g(u), where ff and gg are twice differentiable functions, defines a twice differentiable function u(x;y)u(x ; y), then it satisfies the equation

(∂u∂y)2∂2u∂x2−2∂u∂x∂u∂y∂2u∂x∂y+(∂u∂x)2∂2u∂y2=0 \left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)^{2} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}-2 \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x \partial y}+\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^{2} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}} = 0
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Let the function f(t;x)f(t ; x) be continuous on the plane. Prove that the function

u(t;x)=12a∫0tdτ∫x−a(t−τ)x+a(t−τ)f(τ;ξ)dξ u(t ; x) = \frac{1}{2 a} \int _{0}^{t} d \tau \int _{x-a(t-\tau )}^{x+a(t-\tau )} f(\tau ; \xi ) d \xi

satisfies the wave equation ∂2u∂t2−a2∂2u∂x2=f(t;x)\frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial t^{2}}-a^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}} = f(t ; x).

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References

[Dem97] Demidovich B.P. Сборник задач и упражнений по математическому анализу. 13-е изд., Издательство Московского университета / Издательство "ЧеРо", 1997.
[ГюКу03] Гюнтер Н.М., Кузьмин Р.О. Сборник задач по высшей математике. 13-е изд., Издательство «Лань», 2003.
[ККЧ+03] Кудрявцев Л.Д., Кутасов А.Д., Чехлов В.И., Шабунин М.И. Функции многих переменных. 2-е изд., ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2003.