Differentiability and the total differential

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Define f:R2→R2f : \mathbb {R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}^{2} by f(x,0)=0f(x,0) = 0 and

f(x,y)=(1−cos⁡x2y)x2+y2 f(x,y) = \left(1 - \cos \frac{x^2}{y}\right) \sqrt{x^2+y^2}

for y≠0y \neq 0.

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(1)

Show that ff is continuous at (0,0)(0,0).

(2)

Calculate all the directional derivatives of ff at (0,0)(0,0).

(3)

Show that ff is not differentiable at (0,0)(0,0).

Let f:R2→Rf : \mathbb {R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} be defined by:

f(x,y)={x4/3sin⁡(y/x)if x≠00if x=0. f(x,y) = \begin{cases} x^{4/3} \sin (y/x) & \text{if } x \neq 0 \\ 0 & \text{if } x = 0. \end{cases}

Determine all points at which ff is differentiable.

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Let ff be a C1C^1 function from the interval (−1,1)(-1,1) into R2\mathbb {R}^{2} such that f(0)=0f(0) = 0 and f′(0)≠0f'(0) \neq 0. Prove that there is a number ε\varepsilon in (0,1)(0,1) such that ∥f(t)∥\left\| f(t)\right\| is an increasing function of tt on (0,ε)(0,\varepsilon ).

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Let f:R2→Rf : \mathbb {R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} have directional derivatives in all directions at the origin. Is ff differentiable at the origin? Prove or give a counterexample.

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Let f:Rn→Rf : \mathbb {R}^{n} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} have the following properties: ff is differentiable on Rn∖{0}\mathbb {R}^{n} \setminus \left\{ 0\right\}, ff is continuous at 00, and

lim⁡p→0∂f∂xi(p)=0 \lim _{p \to 0} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_i}(p) = 0

for i=1,…,ni = 1, \ldots , n. Prove that ff is differentiable at 00.

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=xmynu=x^{m}y^{n} .

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=xyu=\dfrac {x}{y} .

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=x2+y2u=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} .

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=ln⁡x2+y2u=\ln \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} .

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=exyu=e^{xy} .

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=xy+yz+zxu=xy+yz+zx .

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Find the first- and second-order differentials of the following functions (x,y,zx, y, z are independent variables): u=zx2+y2u=\dfrac {z}{x^{2}+y^{2}} .

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Assuming the absolute values of x,yx, y are very small, derive approximate formulas for each of the following expressions:

?
(a)

(1+x)m(1+y)n(1+x)^{m}(1+y)^{n};

(b)

ln⁡(1+x)⋅ln⁡(1+y)\ln (1+x) \cdot \ln (1+y);

(c)

arctan⁡x+y1+xy\arctan \dfrac {x+y}{1+xy}.

Using the differential to replace the increment of the function, compute approximately:

?
(a)

1.002⋅2.0032⋅3.00431.002 \cdot 2.003^{2} \cdot 3.004^{3};

(b)

1.0320.9831.0534\dfrac {1.03^{2}}{\sqrt[3]{0.98}\sqrt[4]{1.05^{3}}};

(c)

1.023+1.973\sqrt{1.02^{3}+1.97^{3}};

(d)

sin⁡29∘tan⁡46∘\sin 29^{\circ }\tan 46^{\circ };

(e)

0.971.050.97^{1.05}.

Let the sides of a rectangle be x=6x=6 meters and y=8y=8 meters. If the first side is increased by 2 millimeters and the second side is decreased by 5 millimeters, by how much do the diagonal and area of the rectangle change?

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The central angle α=60∘\alpha =60^{\circ } of a sector is increased by Δα=1∘\Delta \alpha =1^{\circ }. In order to keep the area of the sector unchanged, by how much should the radius R=20R=20 centimeters of the sector be decreased?

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Prove that the relative error of a product is approximately equal to the sum of the relative errors of the factors.

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When measuring the base radius RR and height HH of a cylinder, the following results are obtained:

R=2.5meters±0.1meters;H=4.0meters±0.2meters, R=2.5 \text{meters} \pm 0.1 \text{meters} ; \quad H=4.0 \text{meters} \pm 0.2 \text{meters} ,

what absolute error Δ\Delta and relative error δ\delta can the computed volume of the cylinder have?

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The sides of a triangle are a=200a=200 meters ±2\pm 2 meters, b=300b=300 meters ±5\pm 5 meters, and the angle between them is C=60∘±1∘C=60^{\circ } \pm 1^{\circ }; what absolute error can the computed third side cc of the triangle have?

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Prove that the function

f(x,y)=∣xy∣ f(x,y)=\sqrt{\left|xy\right|}

which is continuous at the point (0,0)(0,0), has the two partial derivatives fx′(0,0)f'_{x}(0,0) and fy′(0,0)f'_{y}(0,0) at the point (0,0)(0,0), but is not differentiable at the point (0,0)(0,0).

Describe the behavior of the derivative functions fx′(x,y)f'_{x}(x,y) and fy′(x,y)f'_{y}(x,y) in a neighborhood of the point (0,0)(0,0).

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Prove that the function

f(x,y)=xyx2+y2,if x2+y2≠0, andf(0,0)=0, f(x,y)=\dfrac {xy}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}}, \text{if} \ x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0 \text{, and} f(0,0)=0 ,

is continuous in a neighborhood of the point (0,0)(0,0) and has bounded partial derivatives fx′(x,y)f'_{x}(x,y) and fy′(x,y)f'_{y}(x,y), but this function is not differentiable at the point (0,0)(0,0).

?

Prove that the function

f(x,y)=(x2+y2)sin⁡1x2+y2,if x2+y2≠0 f(x,y)=(x^{2}+y^{2})\sin \dfrac {1}{x^{2}+y^{2}}, \text{if} \ x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0

and f(0,0)=0f(0,0)=0

has partial derivatives fx′(x,y)f'_{x}(x,y) and fy′(x,y)f'_{y}(x,y) in a neighborhood of the point (0,0)(0,0); these partial derivatives are discontinuous at the point (0,0)(0,0) and are unbounded in any neighborhood of this point; however, this function is differentiable at the point (0,0)(0,0).

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Find the total differential of the function u=sin⁡(x2+y2)u = \sin (x^{2}+y^{2}).

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Find the total differential of the function u=arctg⁡xyu = \operatorname {arctg} \frac{x}{y}.

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Find the total differential of the function u=ln⁡tg⁡xyu = \ln \operatorname {tg} \frac{x}{y}.

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Find the total differential of the function u=x2+y2+z2u = \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}.

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Find the increment Δf\Delta f and the differential dfd f of the function f=x2yf = x^{2} y at the points:

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(1)

(1;1)(1 ; 1);

(2)

(1;0)(1 ; 0);

(3)

(0;0)(0 ; 0).

Find Δf(x;y)\Delta f(x ; y) and df(x,y)d f(x, y) of the function f=x3−y2f = x^{3}-y^{2}.

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Are the following statements true for the function f(x),x∈Rnf(x), x \in R^{n}:

?
(1)

if the function has partial derivatives with respect to all variables at some point, then f(x)f(x) is continuous at this point;

(2)

if the function has partial derivatives with respect to all variables at every point of the space RnR^{n}, then it is continuous in RnR^{n};

(3)

if the function is differentiable at some point, then at this point the function has partial derivatives with respect to all variables;

(4)

if the function has partial derivatives with respect to all variables at some point, then the function is differentiable at this point;

(5)

if the function is differentiable at some point, then at this point the function has continuous partial derivatives with respect to all variables;

(6)

if the function has continuous partial derivatives at some point, then the function is differentiable at this point.

Find the differential of the function f(x;y)f(x ; y), if:

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(1)

f=2x4−3x2y2+x3yf = 2 x^{4}-3 x^{2} y^{2}+x^{3} y;

(2)

f=(y3+2x2y+3)4f = \left(y^{3}+2 x^{2} y+3\right)^{4};

(3)

f=yx+xyf = \frac{y}{x}+\frac{x}{y}

(4)

f=xx2+y2f = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}};

(5)

f=2−y/xf = 2^{-y / x};

(6)

f=ln⁡(x+x2+y2)f = \ln \left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right);

(7)

f=ln⁡sin⁡x+1yf = \ln \sin \frac{x+1}{\sqrt{y}};

(8)

f=arctg⁡xy+arctg⁡yxf = \operatorname {arctg} \frac{x}{y}+\operatorname {arctg} \frac{y}{x};

(9)

f=arctg⁡x+yx−yf = \operatorname {arctg} \frac{x+y}{x-y};

(10)

f=(1+xy)yf = (1+x y)^{y}.

Find the points at which the differential of the function ff equals zero, if:

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(1)

f(x;y)=(5x+7y−25)e−(x2+xy+y2)f(x ; y) = (5 x+7 y-25) e^{-\left(x^{2}+x y+y^{2}\right)};

(2)

f(x;y;z)=2y2+z2−xy2−yz+4x+1f(x ; y ; z) = 2 y^{2}+z^{2}-x y^{2}-y z+4 x+1.

Find the differential of the function f(x;y)f(x ; y) at the given point, if:

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(1)

f=x2−y2x2+y2f = \frac{x^{2}-y^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}},

  1. (1;1)(1 ; 1);

  2. (0;1)(0 ; 1);

(2)

f=xy+xy,(2;1)f = \sqrt{x y+\frac{x}{y}},(2 ; 1);

(3)

f=cos⁡(x−2y)cos⁡(x+2y),(π4;π)f = \frac{\cos (x-2 y)}{\cos (x+2 y)},\left(\frac{\pi }{4} ; \pi \right);

(4)

f=2tg⁡(πx/(x+3y2)),(1;1)f = 2^{\operatorname {tg}\left(\pi x /\left(x+3 y^{2}\right)\right)},(1 ; 1);

(5)

f=ln⁡42−x−xy1+cos⁡y,(1;0)f = \ln \frac{4 \sqrt{2-x}-x y}{1+\cos y},(1 ; 0);

(6)

f=arccos⁡x2−2y,(1;0,18)f = \arccos \sqrt{x^{2}-2 y},(1 ; 0,18);

(7)

f=arctg⁡y1+x2,(1;−1)f = \operatorname {arctg} \frac{y}{1+x^{2}},(1 ;-1);

(8)

f=ex−1arctg⁡2x+3y1−6xyf = e^{x-1} \operatorname {arctg} \frac{2 x+3 y}{1-6 x y}, (1;1);

(9)

f=ln⁡arcsin⁡(x+y3)f = \ln \arcsin \left(x+y^{3}\right), (32;0)\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} ; 0\right);

(10)

f=arcctg⁡ln⁡(x+y4)f = \operatorname {arcctg} \ln \left(\sqrt{x}+y^{4}\right), (e2;0)\left(e^{2} ; 0\right).

Find the differential of the function f(x;y;z)f(x ; y ; z), if:

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(1)

f=x2+y2+z2f = \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}};

(2)

f=exysin⁡zf = e^{x y \sin z}

(3)

f=(xy)zf = (x y)^{z}

(4)

f=xy/zf = x^{y / z}.

Find the differential of the function f(x),x∈Rnf(x), x \in R^{n}, if:

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(1)

f=sin⁡∑i=1nxi2f = \sin \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}^{2};

(2)

f=ln⁡((1−∑i=1nxi2)/(1+∑i=1nxi2))f = \ln \left(\left(1-\sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}}\right) /\left(1+\sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}}\right)\right).

Find the differential of the function ff at the given point, if:

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(1)

f=xx2+y2+z2,(1;0;1)f = \frac{x}{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}},(1 ; 0 ; 1);

(2)

f=arctg⁡xyz2,(3;2;1)f = \operatorname {arctg} \frac{x y}{z^{2}},(3 ; 2 ; 1);

(3)

f=(xy+xy)z,(1;1;1)f = \left(x y+\frac{x}{y}\right)^{z},(1 ; 1 ; 1);

(4)

f=ln⁡∑i=1nxi,(1;2;…;n)f = \ln \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i},(1 ; 2 ; \ldots ; n).

Prove that the function ff is differentiable at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0), if:

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(1)

f=x(1+∣y∣3−1)f = x(\sqrt[3]{1+\sqrt{\left|y\right|}}-1);

(2)

f=∣y∣sin⁡xf = \left|y\right| \sin x;

(3)

f=(sin⁡x+xy3)2f = (\sin x+\sqrt[3]{x y})^{2};

(4)

f=ch⁡x2y5f = \operatorname {ch} \sqrt[5]{x^{2} y};

(5)

f=x45(cos⁡y5−1)f = \sqrt[5]{x^{4}}(\cos \sqrt[5]{y}-1);

(6)

f=ln⁡(2−∣x∣7/6+∣y∣5/4)f = \ln \left(2-|x|^{7 / 6}+|y|^{5 / 4}\right);

(7)

f=y23arctg⁡∣x∣f = \sqrt[3]{y^{2}} \operatorname {arctg} \sqrt{\left|x\right|};

(8)

f={xsin⁡(y/∣x∣),x≠00,x=0f = \begin{cases} x \sin (y / \sqrt{\left|x\right|}), & x \neq 0 \\ 0, & x = 0 \end{cases}

(9)

f=y3/5arcsin⁡∣x∣f = y^{3 / 5} \arcsin \sqrt{\left|x\right|};

(10)

f=y+ch⁡x2+y23f = y+\operatorname {ch} \sqrt[3]{x^{2}+y^{2}};

(11)

f=1−∣x∣2/3∣y∣5/6f = \sqrt{1-|x|^{2 / 3}|y|^{5 / 6}};

(12)

f=1+xy+sin⁡x2y45f = 1+x y+\sin \sqrt[5]{x^{2} y^{4}}.

Prove that the function ff is not differentiable at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0), if:

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(1)

f=∣xy∣f = \sqrt{\left|x y\right|}

(2)

f=x2+y2f = \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}};

(3)

f=x3+y33f = \sqrt[3]{x^{3}+y^{3}}

(4)

f=sin⁡x(1−cos⁡xy)5f = \sqrt[5]{\sin x(1-\cos x y)};

(5)

f=sin⁡(π/4+xy23)f = \sin \left(\pi / 4+\sqrt[3]{x y^{2}}\right)

(6)

f=ln⁡(3+x2y3)f = \ln \left(3+\sqrt[3]{x^{2} y}\right);

(7)

f=sin⁡(3x+x3−y33)f = \sin \left(3 x+\sqrt[3]{x^{3}-y^{3}}\right)

(8)

f=ln⁡(1+x+x3+27y33)f = \ln \left(1+x+\sqrt[3]{x^{3}+27 y^{3}}\right);

(9)

f=arctg⁡(2x+x3−27y33)f = \operatorname {arctg}\left(2 x+\sqrt[3]{x^{3}-27 y^{3}}\right);

(10)

f=arcsin⁡(y+x3+8y33)f = \arcsin \left(y+\sqrt[3]{x^{3}+8 y^{3}}\right).

Find the partial derivatives of the function ff at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0) and investigate its differentiability at this point, if:

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(1)

f=y1+x233f = y \sqrt[3]{1+\sqrt[3]{x^{2}}};

(2)

f=x3+y43f = \sqrt[3]{x^{3}+y^{4}};

(3)

f=2y+xcos⁡xy3f = 2 y+x \cos \sqrt[3]{x y};

(4)

f=y+cos⁡x2+y23f = y+\cos \sqrt[3]{x^{2}+y^{2}};

(5)

f=sin⁡4x+cos⁡4y3f = \sqrt[3]{\sin^{4} x+\cos^{4} y};

(6)

f=y+ln⁡(3+x2y3)f = y+\ln \left(3+\sqrt[3]{x^{2} y}\right);

(7)

f=arcsin⁡(xy+x3+y33)f = \arcsin \left(x y+\sqrt[3]{x^{3}+y^{3}}\right);

(8)

f=arctg⁡(xy+y+x2y3)f = \operatorname {arctg}\left(x y+y+\sqrt[3]{x^{2} y}\right);

(9)

f={(y3−x3)/(x2+2y2), if x2+y2≠0,0, if x2+y2=0f = \begin{cases} \left(y^{3}-x^{3}\right) /\left(x^{2}+2 y^{2}\right), & \text{ if } & x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{ if } & x^{2}+y^{2} = 0 \end{cases}

(10)

f={(x+y)arctg⁡(x/y)2, if y≠0,πx/2, if y=0f = \begin{cases} (x+y) \operatorname {arctg}(x / y)^{2}, & \text{ if } y \neq 0, \\ \pi x / 2, & \text{ if } y = 0 \end{cases}

(11)

f={e−1/(x2+y2), if x2+y2≠0,0, if x2+y2=0.f = \begin{cases} e^{-1 /\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}, & \text{ if } & x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{ if } x^{2}+y^{2} = 0. \end{cases}

Find the differential of the function ff at the point (1;0)(1 ; 0), if:

?
(1)

f=∣(x−1)y3∣4−xyf = \sqrt[4]{\left|(x-1) y^{3}\right|}-x y;

(2)

f=xy+sin⁡(x−1)2y45f = x y+\sin \sqrt[5]{(x-1)^{2} y^{4}};

(3)

f=x−y+ln⁡(2+∣(x−1)y3∣)f = x-y+\ln \left(2+\sqrt{\left|(x-1) y^{3}\right|}\right);

(4)

f=x+2y+e(x−1)2y3f = x+2 y+e \sqrt[3]{(x-1)^{2} y}.

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(1)

Prove that the function

f={(x2+y2)sin⁡(1/(x2+y2)), if x2+y2≠00, if x2+y2=0 f = \begin{cases} \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) \sin \left(1 /\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)\right), & \text{ if } & x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0 \\ 0, & \text{ if } & x^{2}+y^{2} = 0 \end{cases}

is differentiable, but not continuously differentiable, in R2R^{2};

(2)

prove that the function f={(x2+y2)α, if x,y-are rational numbers, 0, if at least one of the numbers x,yf = \begin{cases} \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{\alpha }, & \text{ if } x, y \text{-are rational numbers, } \\ 0, & \text{ if at least one of the numbers } x, y \end{cases} is irrational, for α>1/2\alpha > 1 / 2 is differentiable only at the point (0,0)(0,0) and is not continuously differentiable at this point.

Find all values of α\alpha for which the function ff is differentiable at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0), if f(0;0)=0f(0 ; 0) = 0, and for x2+y2≠0x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0 the function ff is given by the formula:

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(1)

f=∣x+y∣3α+∣y∣4−α;f = |x+y|^{3 \alpha }+|y|^{4-\alpha } ;

(2)

f=∣x∣3α+∣y∣7−αx2+y2f = \frac{|x|^{3 \alpha }+|y|^{7-\alpha }}{x^{2}+y^{2}};

(3)

f=∣x∣α∣y∣5−2α∣x∣+∣y∣f = \frac{|x|^{\alpha }|y|^{5-2 \alpha }}{|x|+|y|};

(4)

f=∣xy∣α1−ln⁡(x2+y2)f = \frac{|x y|^{\alpha }}{1-\ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}.

Investigate the function f(x;y)f(x ; y) for differentiability at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0), if f(0;0)=0f(0 ; 0) = 0, and for x2+y2>0x^{2}+y^{2} > 0 this function is given by the formula:

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(1)

f=∣x3y∣1/2(x2+xy+y2)α,α=12,α=14f = \frac{\left|x^{3} y\right|^{1 / 2}}{\left(x^{2}+x y+y^{2}\right)^{\alpha }}, \alpha = \frac{1}{2}, \alpha = \frac{1}{4};

(2)

f=x3y2(x6+y6)α,α=12,α=23f = \frac{x^{3} y^{2}}{\left(x^{6}+y^{6}\right)^{\alpha }}, \alpha = \frac{1}{2}, \alpha = \frac{2}{3};

(3)

f=(x2y3)3/5(x2−xy+y2)α,α=1,α=12f = \frac{\left(x^{2} y^{3}\right)^{3 / 5}}{\left(x^{2}-x y+y^{2}\right)^{\alpha }}, \alpha = 1, \alpha = \frac{1}{2};

(4)

f=(x2y)4/3(x4+y4)α,α=12,α=34f = \frac{\left(x^{2} y\right)^{4 / 3}}{\left(x^{4}+y^{4}\right)^{\alpha }}, \alpha = \frac{1}{2}, \alpha = \frac{3}{4}.

Find all points at which the function f(x;y)f(x ; y) is differentiable, if:

?
(1)

f=x∣y∣+y∣x∣f = x\left|y\right|+y\left|x\right|

(2)

f=(y−∣x∣)2f = (y-\left|x\right|)^{2};

(3)

f=∣x2−y2∣f = \left|x^{2}-y^{2}\right|;

(4)

f=11+∣xy∣f = \frac{1}{1+\left|x y\right|}.

Investigate the function f(x;y)f(x ; y) for differentiability at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0), if f(0;0)=0f(0 ; 0) = 0, and for x2+y2>0x^{2}+y^{2} > 0 this function is given by the formula:

?
(1)

f=xln⁡(1+y)−yln⁡(1+x)+(xy/2)(y−x)(x2+y2)3/2f = \dfrac {x \ln (1+y)-y \ln (1+x)+(x y / 2)(y-x)}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}};

(2)

f=xsh⁡y−ysh⁡x+(xy/6)(x2−y2)(x2+y2)5/2f = \dfrac {x \operatorname {sh} y-y \operatorname {sh} x+(x y / 6)\left(x^{2}-y^{2}\right)}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{5 / 2}};

(3)

f=xarctg⁡y−yarctg⁡x+(xy/3)(y2−x2)(x2+y2)5/2f = \frac{x \operatorname {arctg} y-y \operatorname {arctg} x+(x y / 3)\left(y^{2}-x^{2}\right)}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{5 / 2}};

(4)

f=xey−yex+y−x+(xy/2)(x−y)(x2+y2)3/2f = \frac{x e^{y}-y e^{x}+y-x+(x y / 2)(x-y)}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}};

(5)

f=1+xy−exy/2(x2+y2)3/2f = \frac{\sqrt{1+x y}-e^{x y / 2}}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}};

(6)

f=(x3y+y5)1/3∣x∣+∣y∣+2yf = \frac{\left(x^{3} y+y^{5}\right)^{1 / 3}}{\left|x\right|+\left|y\right|}+2 y.

Find the differential of the function φ\varphi, if:

?
(1)

φ=f(u),u=xy+y2/x\varphi = f(u), u = x y+y^{2} / x

(2)

φ=f(u;v),u=y/(x+y),v=x2−y3\varphi = f(u ; v), u = y /(x+y), v = x^{2}-y^{3};

(3)

φ=f(u;v),u=y2,v=arctg⁡(y/x)\varphi = f(u ; v), u = y^{2}, v = \operatorname {arctg}(y / x);

(4)

φ=f(u;v;w),u=x2+y2+z2,v=x+y+z,w=xyz\varphi = f(u ; v ; w), u = x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}, v = x+y+z, w = x y z.

Prove that if the function ff is differentiable at the point (x1;x2;…;xn)\left(x_{1} ; x_{2} ; \ldots ; x_{n}\right), then at this point there exists the derivative ∂f∂l\frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf{l}} in the direction of an arbitrary unit vector

l=(cos⁡α1;cos⁡α2;…;cos⁡αn),∑k=1ncos⁡2αk=1 \mathbf{l} = \left(\cos \alpha _{1} ; \cos \alpha _{2} ; \ldots ; \cos \alpha _{n}\right), \quad \sum _{k = 1}^{n} \cos ^{2} \alpha _{k} = 1

where

∂f∂l=∑k=1n∂f∂xkcos⁡αk \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf{l}} = \sum _{k = 1}^{n} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{k}} \cos \alpha _{k}
?

Is the following statement true: the gradient of the function f=x+y+∣xy∣f = x+y + \sqrt{\left|x y\right|} at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0) is the vector (1;1)(1 ; 1)?

?

Find, at the point (0;0)(0 ; 0), the derivative of the mapping and investigate its differentiability at this point:

?
(1)

u=y+1+∣x∣3∣y∣3/2,v=x+5−∣x∣3/2∣y∣5/6u = y+\sqrt{1+|x|^{3}|y|^{3 / 2}}, \quad v = x+\sqrt{5-|x|^{3 / 2}|y|^{5 / 6}};

(2)

u={−xln⁡2∣y∣,y≠0,0,y=0,v={∣xy∣cos⁡(1/y),y≠0,0,y=0.u = \begin{cases} -\frac{x}{\ln^{2}\left|y\right|}, & y \neq 0, \\ 0, & y = 0, \end{cases} \quad v = \begin{cases} \sqrt{\left|x y\right|} \cos (1 / y), & y \neq 0, \\ 0, & y = 0. \end{cases}

If f(0,0)=0f(0,0) = 0 and

f(x,y)=xyx2+y2 if (x,y)≠(0,0) f(x, y) = \frac{x y}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \quad \text{ if }(x, y) \neq (0,0)

prove that (D1f)(x,y)\left(D_{1} f\right)(x, y) and (D2f)(x,y)\left(D_{2} f\right)(x, y) exist at every point of R2\mathbb {R}^{2}, although ff is not continuous at (0,0)(0,0).

?

Define f(0,0)=0f(0,0) = 0 and

f(x,y)=x3x2+y2 if (x,y)≠(0,0) f(x, y) = \frac{x^{3}}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \quad \text{ if }(x, y) \neq (0,0)
?
(a)

Prove that D1fD_{1} f and D2fD_{2} f are bounded functions in R2\mathbb {R}^{2}. (Hence ff is continuous).

(b)

Let u\mathbf{u} be any unit vector in R2\mathbb {R}^{2}. Show that the directional derivative (Duf)(0,0)(D_{\mathbf{u}} f)(0,0) exists, and that its absolute value is at most 1.

(c)

Let γ\gamma be a differentiable mapping of R1\mathbb {R}^{1} into R2\mathbb {R}^{2} (in other words, γ\gamma is a differentiable curve in R2\mathbb {R}^{2},, with γ(0)=(0,0)\gamma (0) = (0,0) and ∣γ′(0)∣>0\left|\gamma^{\prime }(0)\right| > 0. Put g(t)=f(γ(t))g(t) = f(\gamma (t)) and prove that gg is differentiable for every t∈R1t \in \mathbb {R}^{1}.

If γ∈C′\gamma \in \mathscr {C}^{\prime }, prove that g∈C′g \in \mathscr {C}^{\prime }.

(d)

In spite of this, prove that ff is not differentiable at (0,0)(0,0).

Hint: Formula (40) fails.

References

[deSi04] de Souza P.N., Silva J. Berkeley Problems in Mathematics. 3rd ed., Springer, 2004.
[Dem97] Demidovich B.P. Сборник задач и упражнений по математическому анализу. 13-е изд., Издательство Московского университета / Издательство "ЧеРо", 1997.
[ГюКу03] Гюнтер Н.М., Кузьмин Р.О. Сборник задач по высшей математике. 13-е изд., Издательство «Лань», 2003.
[ККЧ+03] Кудрявцев Л.Д., Кутасов А.Д., Чехлов В.И., Шабунин М.И. Функции многих переменных. 2-е изд., ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2003.
[Rud76] Rudin W. Principles of Mathematical Analysis. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1976.