Differentiability at a point and one-sided derivatives

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Let ff be a real-valued differentiable function on (−1,1)(-1,1) such that f(x)/x2f(x)/x^{2} has a finite limit as x→0x \rightarrow 0. Does it follow that f′′(0)f''(0) exists? Give a proof or a counterexample.

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Let

f(x)={x,if 0⩽x⩽2;2x−2,if 2<x<+∞, f(x)= \begin{cases} x, & \text{if } 0 \leqslant x \leqslant 2; \\ 2x-2, & \text{if } 2<x<+\infty , \end{cases}

and let S(x)S(x) denote the area enclosed by the curve y=f(x)y=f(x), the axis OxOx, and the line through the point x (x⩾0)x \ (x \geqslant 0) perpendicular to OxOx. Find the analytic expression for the function S(x)S(x), find its derivative S′(x)S'(x), and sketch the graph of the function y=S′(x)y=S'(x).

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Prove that the function y=y(x)y=y(x) determined by the system of equations

x=2t+∣t∣, y=5t2+4t∣t∣, x=2t+\left|t\right|, \ y=5t^{2}+4t\left|t\right|,

is differentiable at t=0t=0, but its derivative cannot be found using the ordinary formula.

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Find the angle between the left and right tangent lines of the curve:

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(a)

y=1−e−a2x2y=\sqrt{1-e^{-a^{2}x^{2}}} at the point x=0x=0,

(b)

y=arcsin⁡2x1+x2y=\arcsin \dfrac {2x}{1+x^{2}} at the point x=1x=1

Suppose the function f(x)f(x) is defined and twice differentiable for x⩽x0x \leqslant x_{0}. How should the coefficients a,ba,b and cc be chosen so that the function

F(x)={f(x),if x⩽x0,a(x−x0)2+b(x−x0)+c,if x>x0 F(x)= \begin{cases} f(x), & \text{if } x \leqslant x_{0}, \\ a(x-x_{0})^{2}+b(x-x_{0})+c, & \text{if } x>x_{0} \end{cases}

is twice differentiable?

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Prove that the function

f(x)={x2nsin⁡1x,if x≠0,0,if x=0 f(x)= \begin{cases} x^{2n}\sin \dfrac {1}{x}, & \text{if } x \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{if } x=0 \end{cases}

(nn a natural number) has, at the point x=0x=0, derivatives up to order nn, but no derivative of order (n+1)(n+1).

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Prove that the function

f(x)={e−1x2,if x≠0,0,if x=0, f(x)= \begin{cases} e^{-\frac{1}{x^{2}}}, & \text{if } x \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{if } x=0, \end{cases}

is infinitely differentiable at x=0x=0. Sketch the graph of this function.

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Suppose:

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(a)

Prove: if the function f(x)f(x): (1) is defined and continuous on the closed interval [x0,X][x_{0},X]; (2) has a finite derivative f′(x)f'(x) on the interval (x0,X)(x_{0},X); (3) has a finite or infinite limit

lim⁡x→x0+0f′(x)=f′(x0+0), \lim _{x \to x_{0}+0}f'(x)=f'(x_{0}+0),

then the finite or infinite one-sided derivative f+′(x0)f'_{+}(x_{0}) exists, and

f+′(x0)=f′(x0+0). f'_{+}(x_{0})=f'(x_{0}+0) .
(b)

Prove that the function

f(x)=arctg⁡1+x1−x (x≠1) and f(1)=0 f(x)=\arctg \frac{1+x}{1-x} \ (x \neq 1) \ \text{and} \ f(1)=0

has a finite limit

lim⁡x→1f′(x), \lim _{x \to 1}f'(x),

but the function f(x)f(x) has neither one-sided derivative f−′(1)f'_{-}(1) nor f+′(1)f'_{+}(1).

Give a geometric illustration of this fact.

If in some neighborhood ∣x−x0∣<δ\left|x-x_{0}\right|<\delta, the increment of the function Δf(x0)=f(x)−f(x0)\Delta f(x_{0})=f(x)-f(x_{0}) has the same sign as the increment of the independent variable Δx0=x−x0\Delta x_{0}=x-x_{0}, the function f(x)f(x) is said to be increasing at x0x_{0}.

Prove: if the function f(x) (a<x<b)f(x) \ (a<x<b) is increasing at every point of the finite or infinite interval (a,b)(a,b), then it is an increasing function on this interval.

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Prove that the function

f(x)=x+x2sin⁡1x, if x≠0, and f(0)=0, f(x)=x+x^{2}\sin \frac{1}{x}, \text{ if } x \neq 0, \text{ and } f(0)=0,

is increasing at the point x=0x=0, but is not increasing on any interval (−ε,ε)(-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon ) containing this point, where ε>0\varepsilon >0 is an arbitrarily small number. Sketch this function.

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Let rkr_{k} (k=1,2,…)(k=1,2,\ldots ) be the rational numbers of the interval [0,1]\left[0,1\right]. Prove that the function

f(x)=∑k=1∞∣x−rk∣3k(0≤x≤1) f(x)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty } \frac{\left|x-r_{k}\right|}{3^{k}} \quad (0 \leq x \leq 1)

has the following properties:

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(a)

it is continuous;

(b)

it is differentiable at the irrational points and not differentiable at the rational points.

Find the derivative of the function y=∣x∣y = \left|x\right|.

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Find the derivative of the function y=x2sin⁡1xy = x^{2} \sin \frac{1}{x}.

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Prove or disprove the following statements:

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(1)

if a function has a derivative at some point, then it is continuous at that point;

(2)

if a function is continuous at some point, then it has a derivative at that point.

For what values of α\alpha does the function

y={∣x∣αsin⁡(1/x), if x≠0,0, if x=0, y = \begin{cases} |x|^{\alpha } \sin (1 / x), & \text{ if } & x \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{ if } \quad x = 0, \end{cases}

at the point x=0x = 0:

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(1)

is continuous;

(2)

has a derivative;

(3)

have a continuous derivative?

For what values of α\alpha and β(β>0)\beta (\beta > 0) does the function

y={∣x∣αsin⁡(1/∣x∣β), if x≠00, if x=0 y = \begin{cases} |x|^{\alpha } \sin \left(1 /|x|^{\beta }\right), & \text{ if } \quad x \neq 0 \\ 0, & \text{ if } x = 0 \end{cases}

at the point x=0x = 0:

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(1)

is continuous;

(2)

has a derivative;

(3)

have a continuous derivative?

Construct an example of a function having a derivative everywhere except at the points x1,x2,…,xnx_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots , x_{n}.

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Determine the values of α\alpha and β\beta for which: a) the following functions are everywhere continuous; b) everywhere differentiable:

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(1)

y={αx+β, if x⩽1,x2, if x>1;y = \begin{cases} \alpha x+\beta , & \text{ if } x \leqslant 1, \\ x^{2}, & \text{ if } x > 1 ;\end{cases}

(2)

y={α+βx2, if ∣x∣⩽1,1/∣x∣, if ∣x∣>1;y = \begin{cases} \alpha +\beta x^{2}, & \text{ if }\left|x\right| \leqslant 1, \\ 1 /\left|x\right|, & \text{ if }\left|x\right| > 1 ; \end{cases}

(3)

y={αx3+βx,∣x∣⩽2,(1/π)arcsin⁡(1/x),∣x∣>2y = \begin{cases} \alpha x^{3}+\beta x, & \left|x\right| \leqslant 2, \\ (1 / \pi ) \arcsin (1 / x), & \left|x\right| > 2 \end{cases}

(4)

y={2x−2, if x⩽1,α(x−1)(x−2)(x−β), if 1<x<2,x/2−1, if x⩾2.y = \begin{cases} 2 x-2, & \text{ if } & x \leqslant 1, \\ \alpha (x-1)(x-2)(x-\beta ), & \text{ if } & 1 < x < 2, \\ x / 2-1, & \text{ if } & x \geqslant 2. \end{cases}

Determine the values of α\alpha and β\beta for which the functions are everywhere differentiable:

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(1)

y={(x+α)e−βx, if x<0,αx2+βx+1, if x⩾0;y = \begin{cases} (x+\alpha ) e^{-\beta x}, & \text{ if } x < 0, \\ \alpha x^{2}+\beta x+1, & \text{ if } x \geqslant 0 ; \end{cases}

(2)

y={αx+β, if x<0,αcos⁡x+βsin⁡x, if x⩾0.y = \begin{cases} \alpha x+\beta , & \text{ if } x < 0, \\ \alpha \cos x+\beta \sin x, & \text{ if } x \geqslant 0. \end{cases}

Determine the values of α\alpha and β\beta for which the function

y={arctg⁡αx, if ∣x∣⩽1,βsign⁡x+x−12, if ∣x∣>1, y = \begin{cases} \operatorname {arctg} \alpha x, & \text{ if } & \left|x\right| \leqslant 1, \\ \beta \operatorname {sign} x+\frac{x-1}{2}, & \text{ if } & \left|x\right| > 1, \end{cases}

has a derivative:

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(1)

at the point x=1x = 1;

(2)

at the point x=−1x = -1.

Investigate the following functions for differentiability:

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(1)

y=∣x3(x+1)2(x+2)∣y = \left|x^{3}(x+1)^{2}(x+2)\right|;

(2)

y=∣sin⁡x∣y = \left|\sin x\right|

(3)

y=x∣x∣y = x\left|x\right|;

(4)

y=∣π−x∣sin⁡xy = \left|\pi -x\right| \sin x

(5)

y=arccos⁡(cos⁡x)y = \arccos (\cos x)

(6)

y={x3, if x⩽0e−1/x, if x>0y = \begin{cases} x^{3}, & \text{ if } x \leqslant 0 \\ e^{-1 / x}, & \text{ if } x > 0 \end{cases}

(7)

y={x2∣cos⁡(π/x)∣, if x≠0,0, if x=0;y = \begin{cases} x^{2}\left|\cos (\pi / x)\right|, & \text{ if } x \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{ if } x = 0 ; \end{cases}

(8)

y={x, if x− rational number, 0, if x− irrational number. y = \begin{cases} x, & \text{ if } x-\text{ rational number, } \\ 0, & \text{ if } x-\text{ irrational number. }\end{cases}

Compute the values of the derivative of the function at all points where the derivative exists:

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(1)

y={x2, if x — rational number, 0, if x — irrational number. y = \begin{cases} x^{2}, & \text{ if } x \text{ — rational number, } \\ 0, & \text{ if } x \text{ — irrational number. } \end{cases}

(2)

y={x2, if x — rational number, 2∣x∣−1, if x — irrational number. y = \begin{cases} x^{2}, & \text{ if } x \text{ — rational number, } \\ 2\left|x\right|-1, & \text{ if } x \text{ — irrational number. } \end{cases}

Is the following statement true: if a function has a derivative at a point, then it is differentiable in some neighborhood of that point?

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Prove or disprove the following statements:

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(1)

if a function ff has a derivative at some point, and a function gg does not, then the function f+gf+g does not have a derivative at that point;

(2)

if the functions ff and gg do not have a derivative at some point, then the function f+gf+g also does not have a derivative at that point;

(3)

if a function ff has a derivative at some point, and a function gg does not, then the function fgfg also does not have a derivative at that point;

(4)

if the functions ff and gg do not have a derivative at some point, then the function fgfg also does not have a derivative at that point.

Give an example of a function f(x)f(x) such that f(x)f(x) and (f(x))3(f(x))^{3} are differentiable at the point x0x_{0}, while the function (f(x))2(f(x))^{2} does not have a derivative at the point x0x_{0}.

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Give an example of a function having no derivative at any point x∈Rx \in \mathbb {R}, whose square has a derivative at every point x∈Rx \in \mathbb {R}.

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Give an example of a composite function f(g(x))f(g(x)) having a derivative at the point x0x_{0} and such that:

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(1)

f′(g(x0))f^{\prime }\left(g\left(x_{0}\right)\right) exists, g′(x0)g^{\prime }\left(x_{0}\right) does not exist;

(2)

f′(g(x0))f^{\prime }\left(g\left(x_{0}\right)\right) does not exist, g′(x0)g^{\prime }\left(x_{0}\right) exists;

(3)

f′(g(x0))f^{\prime }\left(g\left(x_{0}\right)\right) and g′(x0)g^{\prime }\left(x_{0}\right) do not exist.

Prove or disprove the following statements:

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(1)

if for functions ff and gg differentiable on the interval (a;b)(a ; b) the inequality f<gf < g holds, then f′⩽g′f^{\prime } \leqslant g^{\prime } on (a;b)(a ; b);

(2)

if on the interval (a;b)(a ; b) the inequality f′<g′f^{\prime } < g^{\prime } holds, then f<gf < g on (a;b)(a ; b);

(3)

if f(a)=g(a)f(a) = g(a) and f′(x)<g′(x)f^{\prime }(x) < g^{\prime }(x) on the interval (a;b)(a ; b), then f(x)<g(x)f(x) < g(x) on (a;b)(a ; b).

Prove or disprove the following statements:

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(1)

for a differentiable function y(x),x∈(a;b)y(x), x \in (a ; b), to have a derivative that is monotonic on the interval (a;b)(a ; b), it is necessary that y(x)y(x) be monotonic on (a;b)(a ; b);

(2)

for a differentiable function y(x),x∈(a;b)y(x), x \in (a ; b), to have a derivative that is monotonic on the interval (a;b)(a ; b), it is sufficient that y(x)y(x) be monotonic on the interval (a;b)(a ; b);

(3)

for a differentiable function to have a periodic derivative, it is necessary that the function be periodic;

(4)

for a differentiable function to have a periodic derivative, it is sufficient that the function be periodic.

Prove or disprove the following statements:

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(1)

for the derivative of a differentiable function to be an even function, it is sufficient that the function be odd;

(2)

for the derivative of a differentiable function to be an even function, it is necessary that the function be odd;

(3)

for the derivative of a differentiable function to be an odd function, it is necessary that the function be even;

(4)

for the derivative of a differentiable function to be an odd function, it is sufficient that the function be even.

Is the following statement true: if a function ff has a derivative at the point x0x_{0}, then the sequence {n(f(x0+1/n)−f(x0))}\left\{ n\left(f\left(x_{0}+1 / n\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)\right)\right\} converges? Is the converse statement true?

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Are the following statements true:

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(1)

if the function y(x)y(x) is differentiable on the interval (a;b)(a ; b) and lim⁡x→a+0y′(x)=∞\lim_{x \rightarrow a+0} y^{\prime }(x) = \infty, then lim⁡x→a+0y(x)=∞\lim_{x \rightarrow a+0} y(x) = \infty;

(2)

if the function y(x)y(x) is differentiable on the interval (a;b)(a ; b) and lim⁡x→a+0y(x)=∞\lim_{x \rightarrow a+0} y(x) = \infty, then lim⁡x→a+0y′(x)=∞\lim_{x \rightarrow a+0} y^{\prime }(x) = \infty;

(3)

if the function y(x)y(x) is differentiable on the interval (a;+∞)(a ;+\infty ) and lim⁡x→+∞y(x)\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty } y(x) exists, then lim⁡x→+∞y′(x)\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty } y^{\prime }(x) also exists;

(4)

if the function y(x)y(x) is differentiable on the interval (a;+∞)(a ;+\infty ) and lim⁡x→+∞y′(x)\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty } y^{\prime }(x) exists, does a finite or infinite lim⁡x→+∞y(x)\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty } y(x) exist?

Determine up to what order the function y=y(x)y = y(x) has derivatives at the point x=0x = 0, and compute at this point all the derivatives that exist:

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(1)

y(x)={1−cos⁡x, if x<0ln⁡(1+x)−x, if x⩾0y(x) = \begin{cases} 1-\cos x, & \text{ if } \quad x < 0 \\ \ln (1+x)-x, & \text{ if } \quad x \geqslant 0 \end{cases}

(2)

y(x)={2xcos⁡x, if x<0,sin⁡2x, if x⩾0;y(x) = \begin{cases} 2 x \cos x, & \text{ if } x < 0, \\ \sin 2 x, & \text{ if } x \geqslant 0 ;\end{cases}

(3)

y(x)={sh⁡x−x, if x<0x−sin⁡x, if x⩾0y(x) = \begin{cases} \operatorname {sh} x-x, & \text{ if } x < 0 \\ x-\sin x, & \text{ if } x \geqslant 0\end{cases}

(4)

y(x)={sh⁡x, if x<0sin⁡xch⁡x, if x⩾0y(x) = \begin{cases} \operatorname {sh} x, & \text{ if } x < 0 \\ \sin x \operatorname {ch} x, & \text{ if } x \geqslant 0 \end{cases}

(5)

y(x)={x10, if x — rational number, −x10, if x — irrational number; y(x) = \begin{cases} x^{10}, & \text{ if } x \text{ — rational number, } \\ -x^{10}, & \text{ if } x \text{ — irrational number; } \end{cases}

(6)

y(x)={x100sin⁡(1/x), if x≠00, if x=0y(x) = \begin{cases} x^{100} \sin (1 / x), & \text{ if } x \neq 0 \\ 0, & \text{ if } x = 0 \end{cases}

(7)

y(x)={e−1/x2, if x≠0,0, if x=0.y(x) = \begin{cases} e^{-1 / x^{2}}, & \text{ if } x \neq 0, \\ 0, & \text{ if } x = 0. \end{cases}

If f(x)=∣x∣3f(x) = \left|x\right|^{3}, compute f′(x),f′′(x)f^{\prime }(x), f^{\prime \prime }(x) for all real xx, and show that f(3)(0)f^{(3)}(0) does not exist.

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Problem 1.5.13 from Rudin W. "Principles of Mathematical Analysis" [Rud76]More problems in Chapter 1.5 "Differentiation"

Suppose aa and cc are real numbers, c>0c > 0, and ff is defined on [−1,1][-1,1] by

f(x)={xasin⁡(∣x∣−c)( if x≠0)0( if x=0) f(x) = \begin{cases} x^{a} \sin \left(\left|x\right|^{-c}\right) & (\text{ if } x \neq 0) \\ 0 & (\text{ if } x = 0)\end{cases}

Prove the following statements:

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(a)

ff is continuous if and only if a>0a > 0.

(b)

f′(0)f^{\prime }(0) exists if and only if a>1a > 1.

(c)

f′f^{\prime } is bounded if and only if a≥1+ca \geq 1+c.

(d)

f′f^{\prime } is continuous if and only if a>1+ca > 1+c.

(e)

f′′(0)f^{\prime \prime }(0) exists if and only if a>2+ca > 2+c.

(f)

f′′f^{\prime \prime } is bounded if and only if a≥2+2ca \geq 2+2 c.

(g)

f′′f^{\prime \prime } is continuous if and only if a>2+2ca > 2+2 c.

References

[deSi04] de Souza P.N., Silva J. Berkeley Problems in Mathematics. 3rd ed., Springer, 2004.
[Dem97] Demidovich B.P. Сборник задач и упражнений по математическому анализу. 13-е изд., Издательство Московского университета / Издательство "ЧеРо", 1997.
[ГюКу03] Гюнтер Н.М., Кузьмин Р.О. Сборник задач по высшей математике. 13-е изд., Издательство «Лань», 2003.
[ККЧ+03] Кудрявцев Л.Д., Кутасов А.Д., Чехлов В.И., Шабунин М.И. Предел. Непрерывность. Дифференцируемость. 2-е изд., ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2003.
[Rud76] Rudin W. Principles of Mathematical Analysis. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1976.