Extraction of regular branches

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(1)

Show that there is a unique analytic branch outside the unit circle of the function f(z)=z2+z+1f(z) = \sqrt{z^{2}+z+1} such that f(t)f(t) is positive when t>1t > 1.

(2)

Using the branch determined in Part 1, calculate the integral

12πi∫Crdzz2+z+1 \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int _{C_{r}} \frac{dz}{\sqrt{z^{2}+z+1}}

where CrC_{r} is the positively oriented circle ∣z∣=r\left|z\right| = r and r>1r > 1.

Let Ω\Omega be the plane with the segment {−1≤x≤1,y=0}\left\{ -1 \leq x \leq 1, y = 0\right\} deleted. For which of the multi-valued functions

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(a)

f(z)=z1−z2f(z) = \dfrac {z}{\sqrt{1-z^2}},

(b)

g(z)=11−z2g(z) = \dfrac {1}{\sqrt{1-z^2}},

can we choose single-valued branches which are holomorphic in Ω\Omega. Which of these branches are (is) the derivative of a single-valued holomorphic function in Ω\Omega. Why?

Let G=D∖(−1,0]G = D \setminus (-1,0], where D={z:∣z∣<1}D = \left\{ z:\left|z\right|<1\right\}.

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(a)

Give a single-valued definition for ziz^i in GG.

(b)

Why should there exist a sequence of polynomials PnP_n such that

lim⁡n→∞Pn(z)=zi \lim _{n\to \infty } P_n(z) = z^i

for all zz in GG?

(c)

Can the polynomials be chosen so that there exists a constant MM with ∣Pn(z)∣≤M\left|P_n(z)\right|\leq M for all z∈Gz \in G and all nn? Justify your answer.

Show that the function w=ln⁡(z+z2−1)w = \ln (z+\sqrt{z^{2}-1}) is single-valued in the plane with cuts along the real axis for −∞<x<−1-\infty < x < -1 and 1<x<∞1 < x < \infty. Find the values of ww at z=+iz = +i and z=−iz = -i, given that on the upper edge of the right-hand cut ww is positive.

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Prove that there exists a unique function h(z)h(z), continuous on the entire complex plane with a cut along the positive part of the real axis, satisfying the conditions:

h(z)∈Ln⁡z,h(−1)=πi. h(z) \in \operatorname {Ln} z, \quad h(-1) = \pi i.

Prove that this function is regular in its domain of definition.

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Let the function f:G→Cf: G \rightarrow \mathbb {C} be regular in a domain GG with f(z)≠0∀z∈Gf(z) \neq 0 \quad \forall z \in G. Let the function h:G→Ch: G \rightarrow \mathbb {C} be a continuous branch of the multivalued function Ln⁡f(z)\operatorname {Ln} f(z). Prove that hh is a regular function.

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Does the multivalued function Ln⁡(z2+z)\operatorname {Ln}\left(z^{2}+z\right) admit regular branches in the domain C\[−1,1]\mathbb {C} \backslash [-1,1]?

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Does the multivalued function {z2−z}\left\{ \sqrt{z^{2}-z}\right\} admit regular branches in the domain C\[−1,1]\mathbb {C} \backslash [-1,1]?

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Does the multivalued function {z−1}\left\{ \sqrt{z-1}\right\} admit regular branches in the domain G={z:∣z∣>2}G = \left\{ z:\left|z\right| > 2\right\}?

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Does the multivalued function Ln⁡z2−1z2+1\operatorname {Ln} \frac{z^{2}-1}{z^{2}+1} admit regular branches in the domain G={z:∣z∣>2}G = \left\{ z:\left|z\right| > 2\right\}?

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Does the multivalued function {1+z23}\left\{ \sqrt[3]{1+z^{2}}\right\} admit regular branches in the domain G=C\[−i,i]G = \mathbb {C} \backslash [-i, i]?

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Does the multivalued function {zz}\left\{ z^{z}\right\} admit regular branches in the domain G=C\[0,+∞)G = \mathbb {C} \backslash [0,+\infty )?

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Prove that the following multivalued functions admit the extraction of regular branches in the domains GG indicated in parentheses:

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(1)

{1−z2Ln⁡z},G=C\([−∞,−1]∪[0,+∞))\left\{ \sqrt{1-z^{2}} \operatorname {Ln} z\right\} , G = \mathbb {C} \backslash ([-\infty ,-1] \cup [0,+\infty ));

(2)

{(z2+1)z},G=C\((−i∞,−i)∪[i,+i∞))\left\{ \left(z^{2}+1\right)^{z}\right\} , G = \mathbb {C} \backslash ((-i \infty ,-i) \cup [i,+i \infty ));

(3)

Ln⁡(z2−1)Ln⁡z,G=C\[−1,+∞)\operatorname {Ln}\left(z^{2}-1\right) \operatorname {Ln} z, \quad G = \mathbb {C} \backslash [-1,+\infty );

(4)

{(z2−1)z},G={z:Im(z)>0}\left\{ \left(z^{2}-1\right)^{\sqrt{z}}\right\} , G = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Im}\left(z\right) > 0\right\}.

Let the function f(z)f(z) be regular in a domain GG and satisfy there the condition Re(f(z))>0\mathrm{Re}\left(f(z)\right) > 0. Prove that the following multivalued functions admit the extraction of regular branches in the domain GG:

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(1)

{f(z)+i3}\left\{ \sqrt[3]{f(z)+i}\right\};

(2)

Ln⁡1+if(z)1−if(z)\operatorname {Ln} \frac{1+i f(z)}{1-i f(z)}.

Let the function f(z)f(z) be regular in a domain GG and not take there values lying on the ray [a,+∞][a,+\infty ], where a∈Ra \in \mathbb {R}. Prove that the multivalued function {a−f(z)}\left\{ \sqrt{a-f(z)}\right\} admits the extraction of regular branches in the domain GG, and that there exists a unique branch φ(z)\varphi (z) satisfying the condition Re(φ)(z)>0(z∈G)\mathrm{Re}\left(\varphi \right)(z) > 0 \quad (z \in G).

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Let the function f(z)f(z) be regular in a domain GG and not take values lying on a curve γ\gamma, going from the point z=0z = 0 to the point z=∞z = \infty while remaining in the left half-plane. Prove that the multivalued function Ln⁡f(z)\operatorname {Ln} f(z) admits the extraction of regular branches in the domain GG, and that there exists a branch φ(z)\varphi (z) for which the inequality holds

∣Im(φ)(z)∣<3π2(z∈G). \left|\mathrm{Im}\left(\varphi \right)(z)\right| < \frac{3 \pi }{2} \quad (z \in G).
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Prove that the following multivalued functions admit the extraction of regular branches in the domains GG indicated in parentheses:

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(1)

{Ln⁡(z+1+z2)}(G={z:Re(z)>0})\left\{ \operatorname {Ln}\left(z+\sqrt{1+z^{2}}\right)\right\} (G = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Re}\left(z\right) > 0\right\} );

(2)

{z+z}(G={z:Im(z)>0})\left\{ \sqrt{z+\sqrt{z}}\right\} \quad (G = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Im}\left(z\right) > 0\right\} );

(3)

{Ln⁡(iz+1−z2)}(G=C\((−∞,−1]∪[1,+∞)))\left\{ \operatorname {Ln}\left(i z+\sqrt{1-z^{2}}\right)\right\} (G = \mathbb {C} \backslash ((-\infty ,-1] \cup [1,+\infty )));

(4)

{Ln⁡(z+z−1)}(G=C\((−∞,0]∪[1,+∞)))\left\{ \operatorname {Ln}(\sqrt{z}+\sqrt{z-1})\right\} (G = \mathbb {C} \backslash ((-\infty , 0] \cup [1,+\infty )));

(5)

{Ln⁡z}(G={z:Im(z)>0})\left\{ \sqrt{\operatorname {Ln} z}\right\} (G = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Im}\left(z\right) > 0\right\} ).

Prove that the multivalued function

{(z−a1)(z−b1)⋯(z−an)(z−bn)} \left\{ \sqrt{\left(z-a_{1}\right)\left(z-b_{1}\right) \cdots \left(z-a_{n}\right)\left(z-b_{n}\right)}\right\}

admits the extraction of regular branches in the entire complex plane with cuts along the non-intersecting straight-line segments [ak,bk]\left[a_{k}, b_{k}\right], k=1,2,…,nk = 1,2, \ldots , n.

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Prove that the following multivalued functions admit the extraction of regular branches in the indicated domains:

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(1)

Ln⁡z2+2z+2z2−2z+2\operatorname {Ln} \frac{z^{2}+2 z+2}{z^{2}-2 z+2} (the plane C\mathbb {C} with cuts along the segments shown in Fig. 17.1);

Fig. 17.1Fig. 17.1

(2)

{1−z44}\left\{ \sqrt[4]{1-z^{4}}\right\} (the plane C\mathbb {C} with cuts along the segments shown in Fig. 17.2);

Fig. 17.2Fig. 17.2

(3)

{4z+z53}\left\{ \sqrt[3]{4 z+z^{5}}\right\} (the plane C\mathbb {C} with cuts along the segments shown in Fig. 17.3);

Fig. 17.3Fig. 17.3

(4)

{sin⁡z}(G={z∈C:z∉[2πk;π(2k+1)],∀k=0,±1,±2,…})\left\{ \sqrt{\sin z}\right\} \quad (G = \left\{ z \in \mathbb {C}: z \notin [2 \pi k ; \pi (2 k+1)], \forall k = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \ldots \right\} );

(5)

{Ln⁡tg⁡z}(G={z∈C:z∉[πk;πk+π2],∀k=0,±1,±2,…})\left\{ \operatorname {Ln} \operatorname {tg} z\right\} \left(G = \left\{ z \in \mathbb {C}: z \notin \left[\pi k ; \pi k+\frac{\pi }{2}\right], \forall k = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \ldots \right\} \right);

(6)

{z(1−z)Ln⁡z1−z}(G={z∈C:z∉[0,1]})\left\{ \sqrt{z(1-z)} \operatorname {Ln} \frac{z}{1-z}\right\} \quad (G = \left\{ z \in \mathbb {C}: z \notin [0,1]\right\} ).

Prove that the multivalued function {1−z23}\left\{ \sqrt[3]{1-z^{2}}\right\} does not admit the extraction of a regular branch in the domain G={z:1<∣z∣<∞}G = \left\{ z: 1 < \left|z\right| < \infty \right\}.

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Determine whether the multivalued functions given below admit the extraction of regular branches in the domains GG indicated in parentheses:

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(1)

{z+1z+i3}(G={z:1<∣z∣<∞})\left\{ \sqrt[3]{\frac{z+1}{z+i}}\right\} \quad (G = \left\{ z: 1 < \left|z\right| < \infty \right\} );

(2)

{2Ln⁡(z+1)−Ln⁡(z−i)}(G={z:1<∣z∣<∞})\left\{ 2 \operatorname {Ln}(z+1)-\operatorname {Ln}(z-i)\right\} (G = \left\{ z: 1 < \left|z\right| < \infty \right\} );

(3)

{(z2−1)(z2−4)}(G={z:Re(z)>0,∣z−3∣>2,5})\left\{ \sqrt{\left(z^{2}-1\right)\left(z^{2}-4\right)}\right\} \quad (G = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Re}\left(z\right) > 0,\left|z-3\right| > 2,5\right\} );

(4)

{1−z53}(G={z:Re(z)>0,z∉[1,e2πi/5],z∉[1,e−2πi/5]})\left\{ \sqrt[3]{1-z^{5}}\right\} \quad \left(G = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Re}\left(z\right) > 0, z \notin \left[1, e^{2 \pi i / 5}\right], z \notin \left[1, e^{-2 \pi i / 5}\right]\right\} \right).

Determine, for what relationship between the numbers α1\alpha_{1} and α2\alpha_{2}, the multivalued function

α1Ln⁡(z−1)+α2Ln⁡z \alpha _{1} \operatorname {Ln}(z-1)+\alpha _{2} \operatorname {Ln} z

admits the extraction of a regular branch in the domain 1<∣z∣<∞1 < \left|z\right| < \infty.

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Determine, for what relationship between the numbers α1,α2\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2} and α3\alpha_{3}, the multivalued function

{(z−1)α1(z+1)α2zα3} \left\{ (z-1)^{\alpha _{1}}(z+1)^{\alpha _{2}} z^{\alpha _{3}}\right\}

admits the extraction of a regular branch in the domain 1<∣z∣<∞1 < \left|z\right| < \infty.

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Prove that in the plane with a cut along the negative part of the real axis there exists a regular branch of the multivalued function Ln⁡(1−z)\operatorname {Ln}(1-\sqrt{z}), satisfying the condition φ(2i)=−πi/2\varphi (2 i) = -\pi i / 2.

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Verify that the following multivalued functions admit the extraction of regular branches in the annulus GG, and expand all the regular branches in a Laurent series in powers of z−az-a in the annulus GG (the point aa and the annulus GG are indicated in parentheses):

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(1)

Ln⁡(z−1)(z−2)(z+1)(z+2)(a=0,G={z:1<∣z∣<2})\operatorname {Ln} \frac{(z-1)(z-2)}{(z+1)(z+2)} \quad (a = 0, G = \left\{ z: 1 < \left|z\right| < 2\right\} );

(2)

Ln⁡(z+1)2z2+4(a=0,G={z:∣z∣>2})\operatorname {Ln} \frac{(z+1)^{2}}{z^{2}+4}(a = 0, G = \left\{ z:\left|z\right| > 2\right\} );

(3)

Ln⁡z(z+3)(z+2)(z−1)(a=−1,G={z:1<∣z+1∣<2})\operatorname {Ln} \frac{z(z+3)}{(z+2)(z-1)}(a = -1, G = \left\{ z: 1 < \left|z+1\right| < 2\right\} );

(4)

Ln⁡(z−1)2(z+2)(z+3)(a=−1,G={z:∣z+1∣>2})\operatorname {Ln} \frac{(z-1)^{2}}{(z+2)(z+3)}(a = -1, G = \left\{ z:\left|z+1\right| > 2\right\} ).

Let f(z)f(z) be a regular branch of the multivalued function Ln⁡(z−1z+1)\operatorname {Ln}\left(\frac{z-1}{z+1}\right) in the domain G={z:∣z∣>1}G = \left\{ z:\left|z\right| > 1\right\} such that f(∞)=0f(\infty ) = 0. Prove that the multivalued function {f(z)+4i}\left\{ \sqrt{f(z)+4 i}\right\} splits in GG into regular branches.

Let g(z)g(z) be a regular branch of the function {f(z)+4i}\left\{ \sqrt{f(z)+4 i}\right\} in GG such that g(∞)=−2(i+1)g(\infty ) = -\sqrt{2}(i+1). Compute the integral ∮∣z∣=2dzg(z)\oint_{\left|z\right| = 2} \frac{d z}{g(z)}.

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Let f(z)f(z) be a regular branch of the multivalued function {3−z3+z}\left\{ \sqrt{\frac{3-z}{3+z}}\right\} in the domain G={z:∣z∣>3}G = \left\{ z:\left|z\right| > 3\right\} such that f(∞)=−if(\infty ) = -i. Prove that the multivalued function Ln⁡(f(z)−i)\operatorname {Ln}(f(z)-i) splits in GG into regular branches.

Let g(z)g(z) be a regular branch of the function Ln⁡(f(z)−i)\operatorname {Ln}(f(z)-i) in GG such that g(∞)=ln⁡2−iπ2g(\infty ) = \ln 2-i \frac{\pi }{2}. Compute the integral ∮∣z∣=4dzg(z)\oint_{\left|z\right| = 4} \frac{d z}{g(z)}.

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References

[deSi04] de Souza P.N., Silva J. Berkeley Problems in Mathematics. 3rd ed., Springer, 2004.
[CJP+11] Chen J., Jiang G., Pan Y., Qin T., Tong Y., Wu Q., Xu S., Li T. Problems and Solutions in Mathematics. 2nd ed., World Scientific, 2011.
[ГюКу03] Гюнтер Н.М., Кузьмин Р.О. Сборник задач по высшей математике. 13-е изд., Издательство «Лань», 2003.
[ШПК15] Шабунин М.И., Половинкин Е.С., Карлов М.И. Сборник задач по теории функций комплексного переменного. 4-е изд., БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2015.