Analytic properties of the sum of a power series

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Let the power series ∑n=0∞cnzn\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } c_{n} z^{n}, with positive radius of convergence RR, represent the function ff in the disk ∣z∣<R\left|z\right|<R. For k=0,1,…k=0,1,\ldots let sks_{k} be the kkth partial sum of the series sk(z)=∑n=0kcnzns_{k}(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{k} c_{n} z^{n}. Prove that

∑k=0∞∣f(z)−sk(z)∣<∞ \sum _{k=0}^{\infty } \left|f(z)-s_{k}(z)\right| < \infty

for each zz in the disk ∣z∣<R\left|z\right|<R.

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Let the function ff be analytic in the open unit disc of the complex plane and real valued on the radii [0,1][0,1] and [0,eiπ2][0, e^{i\pi \sqrt{2}}]. Prove that ff is constant.

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Prove that the power series ∑n=0∞anxn\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^{\infty } a_{n}x^{n} converges uniformly on any closed interval lying entirely within its interval of convergence.

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Does there exist an analytic function in ∣z∣<1\left|z\right| < 1 such that 0<∣f(1n)∣<e−n0 < \left|f(\frac{1}{n})\right| < e^{-n} for n=2,3,4,…n = 2, 3, 4, \ldots? Justify your answer.

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Let D={z∈C:∣z∣<1}D = \left\{ z \in \mathbb {C} : \left|z\right| < 1\right\}. Find all holomorphic functions f:D→Cf : D \to \mathbb {C} such that f ⁣(1n+ie−n)f\! \left(\frac{1}{n} + ie^{-n}\right) is real for all integers n≥2n \geq 2.

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Find by direct differentiation the derivative of the series x−x22+x33−x44+…x-\dfrac {x^{2}}{2}+\dfrac {x^{3}}{3}-\dfrac {x^{4}}{4}+\ldots, ∣x∣<1\left|x\right| < 1.

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Find by direct differentiation the derivative of the series x−x33+x55−x77+…x-\dfrac {x^{3}}{3}+\dfrac {x^{5}}{5}-\dfrac {x^{7}}{7}+\ldots, ∣x∣<1\left|x\right| < 1.

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Find by direct differentiation the derivative of the series x−x33!+x55!−x77!+…x-\dfrac {x^{3}}{3!}+\dfrac {x^{5}}{5!}-\dfrac {x^{7}}{7!}+\ldots.

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Find by direct differentiation the derivative of the series 1+x+x21⋅2+x31⋅2⋅3+x41⋅2⋅3⋅4+…1+x+\dfrac {x^{2}}{1 \cdot 2}+\dfrac {x^{3}}{1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3}+\dfrac {x^{4}}{1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 4}+\ldots.

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Let (ck)k≥0\left(c_{k}\right)_{k \geq 0} be a fixed sequence of real numbers. Show that if the series ∑k=0∞ckyk\sum_{k = 0}^{\infty } c_{k} y^{k} converges for some y∈Ry \in \mathbb {R}, then the series f(x)=∑k=0∞ckxkf(x) = \sum_{k = 0}^{\infty } c_{k} x^{k} converges absolutely for all ∣x∣<∣y∣\left|x\right| < \left|y\right|, and show that this function ff is infinitely differentiable for all xx with ∣x∣<∣y∣\left|x\right| < \left|y\right|.

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Prove that the power series ∑n=0∞an(x−x0)n\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n} converges uniformly on any segment lying inside its interval of convergence.

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Prove that if the function f(z)f(z) can be represented in the disk ∣z\mid z - z0∣<Rz_{0} \mid < R, where R>0R > 0, by a power series f(z)=∑n=0∞cn(z−z0)nf(z) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n}\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n} converging to it, then:

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(1)

for the nn-th remainder of this series the asymptotic formula holds

rn(z)=∑k=n+1∞cn(z−z0)no((z−z0)n) r_{n}(z) = \sum _{k = n+1}^{\infty } c_{n}\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n} o\left(\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n}\right)

i.e.

∣rn(z)(z−z0)n∣→0 as z→z0 \left|\frac{r_{n}(z)}{\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n}}\right| \rightarrow 0 \quad \text{ as } \quad z \rightarrow z_{0}
(2)

the coefficients cnc_{n} of the power series are determined uniquely (uniqueness of the expansion of a regular function into a power series).

Let the power series

f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+⋯+anxn+⋯ f(x) = a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots +a_nx^n+\cdots

be convergent for x=1x=1 and assume 0<α<10<\alpha <1. Then the power series

f(α)+f′(α)1!h+f′′(α)2!h2+⋯+f(n)(α)n!hn+⋯ f(\alpha ) + \frac{f'(\alpha )}{1!} h + \frac{f''(\alpha )}{2!} h^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(\alpha )}{n!} h^n + \cdots

is convergent for h=1−αh=1-\alpha.

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Remark.
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G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood: Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo Vol. 41, pp. 50-51 (1916); cf.also T. Carleman: Ark. Mat. Astr. Fys. Vol. 15, No. 11 (1920).

Let

fn(x)=an1x+an2x2+an3x3+⋯ ,n=1,2,3,… f_n(x) = a_{n1}x + a_{n2}x^2 + a_{n3}x^3 + \cdots , \qquad n=1,2,3,\ldots

be arbitrary functions, ∣ank∣<A\left|a_{nk}\right|<A for all positive integral values of nn and kk and

lim⁡n→∞fn(x)=0if0<x<1. \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } f_n(x) = 0 \quad \text{if} \quad 0<x<1 .

Then we have for fixed kk, k=1,2,3,…k=1,2,3,\ldots

lim⁡n→∞ank=0. \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } a_{nk} = 0 .
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Remark.
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Special case of an important proposition in function theory by Vitali. Cf.E. Lindelöf: Bull. Soc. Math. France Vol. 41, p. 171 (1913).

Let lim⁡n→∞∣an∣n=1\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \sqrt[n]{\left|a_{n}\right|} = 1. Prove the uniform convergence of the series on the set EE:

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(1)

∑n=1∞anzn,E={z:∣z∣⩽ρ<1}\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} z^{n}, E = \left\{ z:\left|z\right| \leqslant \rho < 1\right\};

(2)

∑n=1∞ane−nz,E={z:Re(z)⩾δ>0}\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} e^{-n z}, E = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Re}\left(z\right) \geqslant \delta > 0\right\};

(3)

∑n=1∞ane−n2z,E={z:Re(z)⩾δ>0}\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} e^{-n^{2} z}, E = \left\{ z: \mathrm{Re}\left(z\right) \geqslant \delta > 0\right\};

(4)

∑n=1∞an2ncos⁡nz,E={z:∣Im(z)∣⩽δ<ln⁡2}\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{a_{n}}{2^{n}} \cos n z, E = \left\{ z:\left|\mathrm{Im}\left(z\right)\right| \leqslant \delta < \ln 2\right\}.

Prove that the power series ∑n=1∞cnzn,∑n=1∞cnn+1zn+1\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } c_{n} z^{n}, \quad \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{c_{n}}{n+1} z^{n+1} and ∑n=1∞ncnzn−1\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } n c_{n} z^{n-1} have the same radius of convergence.

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(a)

Prove Proposition A.2.4 by comparison with the geometric series.

(b)

Show that for integer k≥1k \geq 1, the power series ∑n=k∞n(n−1)(n−k+1)anxn−k\sum_{n = k}^{\infty } n(n-1)(n- k+1) a_{n} x^{n-k} has the same radius of convergence as ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n}.

Give a proof of Proposition A.2.6 (vi) (term by term differentiability of a power series) using Proposition A.2.7 (iv) (the fundamental theorem of Riemann integration).

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