Chapter 16

Star Product

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Problem 16.1.1

Consider the unitary and hermitian 2×22 \times 2 matrix

U=12(111−1). U = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} .
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(i)

Find U⋆UU \star U. Is U⋆UU \star U unitary? Is U⋆UU \star U hermitian?

(ii)

Find U⋆U^\widehat{U \star U}. Is U⋆U^\widehat{U \star U} unitary? Is U⋆U^\widehat{U \star U} hermitian?

Problem 16.1.2

Consider the nonnormal 2×22 \times 2 matrices

A=(0100),B=(0010)=AT A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad B = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} = A^{T}

with the eigenvalues 00 (2×)(2\times ).

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(i)

Find A⋆BA \star B and B⋆AB \star A and the eigenvalues.

(ii)

Is A⋆BA \star B nonnormal? Is B⋆AB \star A nonnormal?

Problem 16.1.3
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(i)

What can be said about the trace of A⋆BA \star B? What can be said about the determinant of A⋆BA \star B?

(ii)

What can be said about the trace of A⋆B^\widehat{A \star B}? What can be said about the determinant of A⋆B^\widehat{A \star B}?

Problem 16.1.4

Let AA, BB be 2×22 \times 2 matrices. Can one find a 4×44 \times 4 permutation matrix PP such that P(A⋆B)PT=B⊕AP(A \star B)P^{T} = B \oplus A? Here ⊕\oplus denotes the direct sum.

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Problem 16.1.5

Let AA, BB be 2×22 \times 2 matrices. Let A⋆BA \star B be the star product. Show that one can find a 4×44 \times 4 permutation matrix PP such that

P(A⋆B)PT=(a11a1200a21a220000b11b1200b21b22). P(A \star B)P^{T} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & 0 & 0 \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{11} & b_{12} \\ 0 & 0 & b_{21} & b_{22} \end{pmatrix} .
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Problem 16.1.6

The 2×22 \times 2 matrices

I=(1001),J=(0110) I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad J = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}

form a group under matrix multiplication. Do the four 4×44 \times 4 matrices I⋆II \star I, I⋆JI \star J, J⋆IJ \star I, J⋆JJ \star J form a group under matrix multiplication?

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Problem 16.1.7

Given the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the 2×22 \times 2 matrices AA and BB. What can be said about the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A⋆BA \star B?

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Problem 16.1.8

The 2×22 \times 2 matrix

A(α)=(cos⁡(α)−sin⁡(α)sin⁡(α)cos⁡(α)) A(\alpha ) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos (\alpha ) & -\sin (\alpha ) \\ \sin (\alpha ) & \cos (\alpha ) \end{pmatrix}

admits the eigenvalues λ+(α)=eiα\lambda_{+}(\alpha ) = e^{i\alpha } and λ−(α)=e−iα\lambda_{-}(\alpha ) = e^{-i\alpha } with the corresponding normalized eigenvectors

12(1−i),12(1i). \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -i \end{pmatrix}, \qquad \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ i \end{pmatrix} .

Let

A(α)⋆A(α)=(cos⁡(α)00−sin⁡(α)0cos⁡(α)−sin⁡(α)00sin⁡(α)cos⁡(α)0sin⁡(α)00cos⁡(α)). A(\alpha ) \star A(\alpha ) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos (\alpha ) & 0 & 0 & -\sin (\alpha ) \\ 0 & \cos (\alpha ) & -\sin (\alpha ) & 0 \\ 0 & \sin (\alpha ) & \cos (\alpha ) & 0 \\ \sin (\alpha ) & 0 & 0 & \cos (\alpha ) \end{pmatrix} .

Find the eigenvalues and normalized eigenvectors of A(α)⋆A(α)A(\alpha ) \star A(\alpha ).

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Problem 16.1.9

Let AA, BB be two 2×22 \times 2 matrices and A⋆BA \star B be the star product. Can one find a 4×44 \times 4 permutation matrix PP such that

P(A⋆B)=A⋆B^ ? P(A \star B) = \widehat{A \star B} \, ?
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Problem 16.1.10

Let AA, BB be 2×22 \times 2 matrices. Find A⋆B−B⋆AA \star B - B \star A.

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Problem 16.2.1

Consider the star product A⋆BA \star B of two 2×22 \times 2 matrices AA and BB and the product

A⋄B:=(b1100b12b2100b220a11a1200a21a220). A \diamond B := \begin{pmatrix} b_{11} & 0 & 0 & b_{12} \\ b_{21} & 0 & 0 & b_{22} \\ 0 & a_{11} & a_{12} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{21} & a_{22} & 0 \end{pmatrix} .

Show that there is a 4×44 \times 4 permutation matrix PP such that P(A⋆B)=A⋄BP(A \star B) = A \diamond B.

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Problem 16.2.2

Consider the 2×22 \times 2 matrices AA, BB over C\mathbb {C}. Let A⋆BA \star B be the star product.

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(i)

Let AA and BB be normal matrices. Show that A⋆BA \star B normal.

(ii)

Let AA and BB be unitary matrices. Show that A⋆BA \star B a unitary matrix.

(iii)

Let AA and BB be nilpotent matrices. Show that A⋆BA \star B a nilpotent matrix.

Problem 16.2.3

Let AA, BB be invertible 2×22 \times 2 matrices. Let A⋆BA \star B be the star product. Show that

(A⋆B)−1=A−1⋆B−1. (A \star B)^{-1} = A^{-1} \star B^{-1} .
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Problem 16.2.4

Let AA be a 3×33 \times 3 matrix and BB be a 2×22 \times 2 matrix. We define

A⋆B:=(b11000b120a11a12a1300a21a22a2300a31a32a330b21000b22). A \star B := \begin{pmatrix} b_{11} & 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{12} \\ 0 & a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & 0 \\ b_{21} & 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{22} \end{pmatrix} .
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(i)

Find det⁡(A⋆B)\operatorname {det}\left(A \star B\right) and tr⁡(A⋆B)\operatorname {tr}(A \star B).

(ii)

Let AA, BB be normal matrices. Is A⋆BA \star B normal?

(iii)

Let AA, BB be unitary. Is A⋆BA \star B unitary?

(iv)

Let

A=12(111−1),B=I3. A = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad B = I_{3} .

Find A⋆BA \star B and calculate the eigenvalues and normalized eigenvectors of A⋆I3A \star I_{3}.

Problem 16.2.5

Let Π1\Pi_{1} and Π2\Pi_{2} be 2×22 \times 2 projection matrices. Is the 4×44 \times 4 matrix Π1⋆Π2\Pi_{1} \star \Pi_{2} a projection matrix? Apply it to Π1⋆Π1\Pi_{1} \star \Pi_{1} where

Π1=12(1111). \Pi _{1} = \frac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} .
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Problem 16.2.6
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(i)

Let UU and VV be elements of the Lie group SU(2)SU(2). Is U⋆VU \star V an element of the Lie group SU(4)SU(4)?

(ii)

Let XX and YY be elements of SL(2,R)SL(2, \mathbb {R}). Is X⋆YX \star Y an element of SL(4,R)SL(4, \mathbb {R})?

Problem 16.2.7

Let AA, BB be normal 2×22 \times 2 matrices with eigenvalues λ1,λ2\lambda_{1}, \lambda_{2} and μ1,μ2\mu_{1}, \mu_{2}, respectively. What can be said about the eigenvalues of A⋆B−B⋆AA \star B - B \star A?

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Problem 16.2.8

Let AA, BB be 2×22 \times 2 matrices.

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(i)

What are the conditions on AA and BB such that A⋆B^=A⊕B\widehat{A \star B} = A \oplus B?

(ii)

What are the conditions on AA and BB such that A⋆B^=A⊗B\widehat{A \star B} = A \otimes B?

(iii)

What are the conditions on AA and BB such that A⋆B=A⊕BA \star B = A \oplus B?