Appendix E

Martingales in continuous time

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Problem E.1

Let {Nt:0≤t≤1}\left\{ N_{t}: 0 \leq t \leq 1\right\} be a family of negligible sets, for Lebesgue measure on B[0,1]\mathcal{B}[0,1], such that ∪tNt=[0,1]\cup_{t} N_{t} = [0,1]. For ω∈Ω:=[0,1]\omega \in \Omega : = [0,1], define Xt(ω):={ω∈Nt}X_{t}(\omega ): = \left\{ \omega \in N_{t}\right\}. Show that {Xt:0≤t≤1}\left\{ X_{t}: 0 \leq t \leq 1\right\} is martingale with respect to the filtration {B[0,t]:0≤t≤1}\left\{ \mathcal{B}[0, t]: 0 \leq t \leq 1\right\}. Need it have cadlag sample paths?

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Problem E.2

Show that an adapted process {Xt:t∈R+}\left\{ X_{t}: t \in \mathbb {R}^{+}\right\} with right-continuous sample paths must be progressively measurable.

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Problem E.3

Let {Xt:t∈R+}\left\{ X_{t}: t \in \mathbb {R}^{+}\right\} be a process with continuous sample paths, adapted to a filtration {Ft:t∈R+}\left\{ \mathcal{F}_{t}: t \in \mathbb {R}^{+}\right\}. Define τ(ω):=inf⁡{t∈R+:Xt(ω)∈F}\tau (\omega ): = \inf \left\{ t \in \mathbb {R}^{+}: X_{t}(\omega ) \in F\right\}, for some closed set FF. Show that {τ≤t}={ω:inf⁡s∈Qtd(Xs(ω),F)=0}\left\{ \tau \leq t\right\} = \left\{ \omega : \inf_{s \in Q_{t}} d\left(X_{s}(\omega ), F\right) = 0\right\}, where QtQ_{t} denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,t][0, t]. Deduce that τ\tau is a stopping time for the filtration.

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