Section 2.20

Power Series

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Problem 2.20.1

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series.

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(1)

∑n=0∞n2zn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } n^{2} z^{n}

(2)

∑n=0∞3n(z+1)n\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } 3^{n}(z+1)^{n}

(3)

∑n=0∞(n+12n+3)nzn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty }\left(\frac{n+1}{2 n+3}\right)^{n} z^{n};

(4)

∑n=0∞(n+1)(z−2)n4n+2\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } \frac{(n+1)(z-2)^{n}}{4^{n+2}}

(5)

∑n=0∞nnzn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } n^{n} z^{n}

(6)

∑n=0∞(n+2n+5)n2zn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty }\left(\frac{n+2}{n+5}\right)^{n^{2}} z^{n}.

Problem 2.20.2

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series.

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(1)

∑n=1∞2ln⁡2n(z−3)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } 2^{\ln^{2} n}(z-3)^{n};

(2)

∑n=1∞(zn)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{z}{\sqrt{n}}\right)^{n};

(3)

∑n=1∞n!(zn)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } n !\left(\frac{z}{n}\right)^{n}

(4)

∑n=1∞nnn!zn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{\sqrt{n^{n}}}{n !} z^{n};

(5)

∑n=1∞2nz4nn2\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{2^{n} z^{4 n}}{n^{2}};

(6)

∑n=1∞(n+1)23nz5n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(n+1)^{2}}{3^{n}} z^{5 n}.

Problem 2.20.3

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series.

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(1)

∑n=1∞(n!)2(2n)!zn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(n !)^{2}}{(2 n) !} z^{n};

(2)

∑n=1∞zn(n!)α,α>0\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{z^{n}}{(n !)^{\alpha }}, \alpha > 0;

(3)

∑n=1∞n!e−nαzn,α>1\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } n ! e^{-n^{\alpha }} z^{n}, \alpha > 1;

(4)

∑n=1∞(kn)!n!(n+1)!…(n+k−1)!,k∈N\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(k n) !}{n !(n+1) ! \ldots (n+k-1) !}, k \in N;

(5)

∑n=1∞n!zn!\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } n ! z^{n !}

(6)

∑n=1∞(2−e)(2−e3)…(2−en)zn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }(2-\sqrt{e})(2-\sqrt[3]{e}) \ldots (2-\sqrt[n]{e}) z^{n}.

Problem 2.20.4

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series.

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(1)

∑n=1∞n(cos⁡1n)2n3zn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } n\left(\cos \frac{1}{n}\right)^{2 n^{3}} z^{n};

(2)

∑n=1∞2ncos⁡(3πn/4)nzn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{2^{n} \cos (3 \pi n / 4)}{n} z^{n};

(3)

∑n=1∞((1−1n)narctg⁡e−n)(z+1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)^{n} \operatorname {arctg} e^{-n}\right)(z+1)^{n};

(4)

∑n=1∞(n2+3n2+5)n3(z−1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{n^{2}+3}{n^{2}+5}\right)^{n^{3}}(z-1)^{n};

(5)

∑n=1∞(1+arctg⁡n+1n2)n(z+2)2\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(1+\operatorname {arctg} \frac{n+1}{n^{2}}\right)^{n}(z+2)^{2};

(6)

∑n=1∞(ln⁡cos⁡13n)zn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\ln \cos \frac{1}{3^{n}}\right) z^{n}.

Problem 2.20.5

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series.

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(1)

∑n=1∞2n(1+i)3n(n+1)(n+2)zn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{2^{n}(1+i)^{3 n}}{(n+1)(n+2)} z^{n};

(2)

∑n=1∞(1−i2)nz2n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{1-i}{2}\right)^{n} z^{2 n};

(3)

∑n=1∞(2+i5)n(3−i7)2n(z−i)3n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(2+i \sqrt{5})^{n}}{(3-i \sqrt{7})^{2 n}}(z-i)^{3 n};

(4)

∑n=1∞n!zn(1+i)(1+2i)…(1+ni)\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{n ! z^{n}}{(1+i)(1+2 i) \ldots (1+n i)}.

Problem 2.20.6

Find the interval of convergence of the power series:

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(1)

∑n=1∞(sin⁡(n+1−n))(x+1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }(\sin (\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}))(x+1)^{n};

(2)

∑n=1∞(sin⁡n22n)(x−3)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\sin \frac{n^{2}}{2^{n}}\right)(x-3)^{n};

(3)

∑n=1∞2nnnn(x−1)2n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{2^{n} n}{n^{n}}(x-1)^{2 n};

(4)

∑n=1∞(arcsin⁡13n)(x−3)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\arcsin \frac{1}{3^{n}}\right)(x-3)^{n}

(5)

∑n=1∞(arctg⁡n2+3n23+1)−n(x−π3)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\operatorname {arctg} \frac{n^{2}+3}{n^{2} \sqrt{3}+1}\right)^{-n}\left(x-\frac{\pi }{3}\right)^{n};

(6)

∑n=1∞1n!(nxe)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{1}{n !}\left(\frac{n x}{e}\right)^{n}.

Problem 2.20.7

Find the radius of convergence RR and the interval of convergence of the power series, and investigate the series for convergence and absolute convergence at the endpoints of the interval of convergence.

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(1)

∑n=1∞(x−1)nnn.\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(x-1)^{n}}{n \sqrt{n}}.;

(2)

∑n=1∞(2n−13n+2)n(x+2)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{2 n-1}{3 n+2}\right)^{n}(x+2)^{n};

(3)

∑n=0∞(−1)nxn2n+1\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } \frac{(-1)^{n} x^{n}}{2 n+1}

(4)

∑n=0∞(−1)n−12n+33n2+4x2n+1\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } \frac{(-1)^{n-1} 2 n+3}{3 n^{2}+4} x^{2 n+1};

(5)

∑n=1∞1n3(x−13)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{n}}\left(\frac{x-1}{3}\right)^{n};

(6)

∑n=1∞n4+3n3+4n(x+2)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \sqrt{\frac{n^{4}+3}{n^{3}+4 n}}(x+2)^{n}.

Problem 2.20.8

Find the radius of convergence RR and the interval of convergence of the power series, and investigate the series for convergence and absolute convergence at the endpoints of the interval of convergence.

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(1)

∑n=1∞5n+(−3)nn+1xn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{5^{n}+(-3)^{n}}{n+1} x^{n}

(2)

∑n=1∞(x+1)nn+1ln⁡3n−23n+2\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(x+1)^{n}}{\sqrt{n+1}} \ln \frac{3 n-2}{3 n+2};

(3)

∑n=1∞2n+13−2n−13n(x+3)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{\sqrt[3]{2 n+1}-\sqrt[3]{2 n-1}}{\sqrt{n}}(x+3)^{n};

(4)

∑n=1∞(an−1)xn,a>0\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }(\sqrt[n]{a}-1) x^{n}, a > 0;

(5)

∑n=0∞3n(n3+2)(x−1)2n\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } 3^{n}\left(n^{3}+2\right)(x-1)^{2 n};

(6)

∑n=1∞4n2(x+1)n2\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } 4^{n^{2}}(x+1)^{n^{2}}.

Problem 2.20.9

Find the radius of convergence RR and the interval of convergence of the power series, and investigate the series for convergence and absolute convergence at the endpoints of the interval of convergence.

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(1)

∑n=1∞(2n−1)!!n!(x+2)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(2 n-1) ! !}{n !}(x+2)^{n};

(2)

∑n=1∞(x+3)n2nn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(x+3)^{n^{2}}}{n^{n}}

(3)

∑n=1∞(1−1n)n2xn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)^{n^{2}} x^{n};

(4)

∑n=1∞(1+12+…+1n)(x−1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\ldots +\frac{1}{n}\right)(x-1)^{n};

(5)

∑n=1∞(2+(−1)n)nn(x+1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{\left(2+(-1)^{n}\right)^{n}}{n}(x+1)^{n};

(6)

∑n=1∞(1+2cos⁡(πn/4))nxnln⁡2(n+1)\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(1+2 \cos (\pi n / 4))^{n} x^{n}}{\ln^{2}(n+1)}.

Problem 2.20.10

Find the radius of convergence RR and the interval of convergence of the power series, and investigate the series for convergence and absolute convergence at the endpoints of the interval of convergence.

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(1)

∑n=1∞(x−1)nnα\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(x-1)^{n}}{n^{\alpha }};

(2)

∑n=1∞((2n−1)!!(2n)!!)αxn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{(2 n-1) ! !}{(2 n) ! !}\right)^{\alpha } x^{n};

(3)

∑n=1∞(ann+bnn2)xn,a>0,b>0\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{a^{n}}{n}+\frac{b^{n}}{n^{2}}\right) x^{n}, a > 0, b > 0;

(4)

∑n=1∞xnan+bn,a>0,b>0\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{x^{n}}{a^{n}+b^{n}}, \quad a > 0, \quad b > 0;

(5)

∑n=1∞a(a−1)…(a−(n−1))n!⋅xn\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{a(a-1) \ldots (a-(n-1))}{n !} \cdot x^{n};

(6)

∑n=1∞(−1)n−1(2n(n!)2(2n+1)!)α(x−1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }(-1)^{n-1}\left(\frac{2^{n}(n !)^{2}}{(2 n+1) !}\right)^{\alpha }(x-1)^{n}.

Problem 2.20.11

Find the radius of convergence RR and the interval of convergence of the power series, and investigate the series for convergence and absolute convergence at the endpoints of the interval of convergence.

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(1)

∑n=1∞3−nn2+n+1(x−1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{3^{-\sqrt{n}}}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n+1}}(x-1)^{n};

(2)

∑n=0∞(−1)[n]nxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } \frac{(-1)^{[\sqrt{n}]}}{n} x^{n};

(3)

∑n=1∞(xsin⁡n)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(\frac{x}{\sin n}\right)^{n};

(4)

∑n=1∞(−1)n−1n!(ne)n(x−1)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n !}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^{n}(x-1)^{n};

(5)

∑n=1∞10ν(n)n(1−x)n,ν(n)\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{10^{\nu (n)}}{n}(1-x)^{n}, \quad \nu (n) is the number of digits of the number nn.

Problem 2.20.12

Find the domain of convergence of the power series:

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(1)

∑n=1∞2nxn2\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } 2^{n} x^{n^{2}}

(2)

∑n=1∞(x−1)nan,a>0;\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{(x-1)^{n}}{a^{\sqrt{n}}}, a > 0 ;

(3)

∑n=1∞n!an2xn,a>1\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{n !}{a^{n^{2}}} x^{n}, a > 1.

Problem 2.20.13

Determine the domain of convergence of the hypergeometric series 1+α⋅β1⋅γλ+α(α+1)β(β+1)1⋅2⋅γ(γ+1)x2+…1+\frac{\alpha \cdot \beta }{1 \cdot \gamma } \lambda +\frac{\alpha (\alpha +1) \beta (\beta +1)}{1 \cdot 2 \cdot \gamma (\gamma +1)} x^{2}+\ldots

…+α(α+1)…(α+n−1)β(β+1)…(β+n−1)1⋅2…γ(γ+1)…(γ+n−1)xn+… \ldots +\frac{\alpha (\alpha +1) \ldots (\alpha +n-1) \beta (\beta +1) \ldots (\beta +n-1)}{1 \cdot 2 \ldots \gamma (\gamma +1) \ldots (\gamma +n-1)} x^{n}+\ldots

Investigate the series for convergence and absolute convergence at the endpoints of the interval of convergence.

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Problem 2.20.14

Find the domain of convergence of the series:

?
(1)

∑n=1∞(−1)n+1ln⁡nx3n(n+1)\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }(-1)^{n+1} \frac{\ln^{n} x}{3^{n}(n+1)};

(2)

∑n=1∞12n+3(1−x1+x)n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{1}{2 n+3}\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)^{n};

(3)

∑n=1∞1(x−1)ntg⁡π2n\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{1}{(x-1)^{n}} \operatorname {tg} \frac{\pi }{2^{n}};

(4)

∑n=1∞(1+1n)−n2e−nx\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty }\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^{-n^{2}} e^{-n x};

(5)

∑n=1∞2ncos⁡nx\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } 2^{n} \cos^{n} x;

(6)

∑n=1∞33n(n!)3(3n)!tg⁡nx\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{3^{3 n}(n !)^{3}}{(3 n) !} \operatorname {tg}^{n} x.

Problem 2.20.15

Let the radius of convergence of the power series ∑n=0∞cnzn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n} z^{n} equal RR. Find the radius of convergence of the power series:

?
(1)

∑n=0∞cnkzn,k∈N\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n}^{k} z^{n}, \quad k \in N

(2)

∑n=0∞cnzkn,k∈N\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n} z^{k n}, \quad k \in N

(3)

∑n=0∞cn1+∣cn∣zn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } \frac{c_{n}}{1+\left|c_{n}\right|} z^{n}.

Problem 2.20.16

Let the radii of convergence of the power series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} and ∑n=0∞bnxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } b_{n} x^{n} equal R1R_{1} and R2R_{2}, respectively. Find the condition that must be satisfied by the radius of convergence RR of the power series:

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(1)

∑n=0∞(an+bn)xn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty }\left(a_{n}+b_{n}\right) x^{n}

(2)

∑n=0∞anbnxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} b_{n} x^{n}

Problem 2.20.17

Prove that the power series ∑n=0∞an(x−x0)n\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n} converges uniformly on any segment lying inside its interval of convergence.

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Problem 2.20.18

Let

l=lim⁡n→∞‾∣anan+1∣,L=lim‾⁡n→∞∣anan+1∣, l = \underline{\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty }}\left|\frac{a_{n}}{a_{n+1}}\right|, \quad L = \varlimsup _{n \rightarrow \infty }\left|\frac{a_{n}}{a_{n+1}}\right|,

RR is the radius of convergence of the power series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n}. Prove that l⩽R⩽Ll \leqslant R \leqslant L.

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Problem 2.20.19

Prove that the power series ∑n=0∞anzn,∑n=0∞ann+1zn+1and∑n=1∞nanzn−1\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} z^{n}, \quad \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } \frac{a_{n}}{n+1} z^{n+1} \quad \text{and} \quad \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } n a_{n} z^{n-1} have one and the same radius of convergence.

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Problem 2.20.20

Prove that if the function f(z)f(z) can be represented in the disk ∣z\mid z - z0∣<Rz_{0} \mid < R, where R>0R > 0, by a power series f(z)=∑n=0∞cn(z−z0)nf(z) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n}\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n} converging to it, then:

?
(1)

for the nn-th remainder of this series the asymptotic formula holds

rn(z)=∑k=n+1∞cn(z−z0)no((z−z0)n) r_{n}(z) = \sum _{k = n+1}^{\infty } c_{n}\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n} o\left(\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n}\right)

i.e.

∣rn(z)(z−z0)n∣→0 as z→z0 \left|\frac{r_{n}(z)}{\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{n}}\right| \rightarrow 0 \quad \text{ as } \quad z \rightarrow z_{0}
(2)

the coefficients cnc_{n} of the power series are determined uniquely (uniqueness of the expansion of a regular function into a power series).

Problem 2.20.21

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series f(z)=∑n=0∞cnznf(z) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n} z^{n},

?
(1)

f(z)=1z2+a2,a≠0f(z) = \frac{1}{z^{2}+a^{2}}, \quad a \neq 0;

(2)

f(z)=1zm+a,a≠0,m∈Nf(z) = \frac{1}{z^{m}+a}, \quad a \neq 0, \quad m \in N;

(3)

z(x)=13z4+10z2+3z(x) = \frac{1}{3 z^{4}+10 z^{2}+3};

(4)

z(x)=12z3−6z2+z−3z(x) = \frac{1}{2 z^{3}-6 z^{2}+z-3}.

Problem 2.20.22

Find the radius of convergence RR of the power series

1P(x)=∑n=0∞an(x−x0)n \frac{1}{P(x)} = \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n}\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{n}

without finding the coefficients ana_{n}, if:

?
(1)

P(x)=x2−x−2,x0=0P(x) = x^{2}-x-2, x_{0} = 0

(2)

P(x)=x2+1,x0=−1P(x) = x^{2}+1, x_{0} = -1;

(3)

P(x)=x2−x−6,x0=1P(x) = x^{2}-x-6, x_{0} = 1;

(4)

P(x)=x2−x+1,x0=2P(x) = x^{2}-x+1, x_{0} = 2;

(5)

P(x)=2x2+3x−2,x0=−1/2P(x) = 2 x^{2}+3 x-2, x_{0} = -1 / 2;

(6)

P(x)=x3−8,x0=−3P(x) = x^{3}-8, x_{0} = -3.

Problem 2.20.23

Prove that if the power series ∑n=0∞cnzn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } c_{n} z^{n} converges at the point z0z_{0}, then it converges uniformly on the segment joining the point z=0z = 0 with the point z=z0z = z_{0}.

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Problem 2.20.24

Let the series ∑n=0∞an\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} converge and let SS be its sum. Denote

S=a0+a1+…+an(n=0,1,2,…),σ=S0+S1+…+Snn+1 S = a_{0}+a_{1}+\ldots +a_{n} \quad (n = 0,1,2, \ldots ), \quad \sigma = \frac{S_{0}+S_{1}+\ldots +S_{n}}{n+1}

Prove that:

?
(1)

for all x∈(0;1)x \in (0 ; 1) the series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} converges;

(2)

for all xx such that ∣x∣<min⁡(1;R)\left|x\right| < \min (1 ; R), where RR is the radius of convergence of the series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n}, the equalities hold

∑n=0∞anxn=(1−x)∑n=0∞Snxn,S−∑n=0∞anxn=(1−x)∑n=0∞(S−Sn)xn∑n=0∞anxn=(1−x)2∑n=0∞(n+1)σnxn \begin{gathered} \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} = (1-x) \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } S_{n} x^{n}, \quad S-\sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} = (1-x) \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty }\left(S-S_{n}\right) x^{n} \\ \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} = (1-x)^{2} \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty }(n+1) \sigma _{n} x^{n}\end{gathered} (n=0,1,2,…) (n = 0,1,2, \ldots )
Problem 2.20.25

Prove that if the series ∑n=0∞an\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} converges and its sum equals SS, then there exists

lim⁡x→1−0∑n=0∞anxn=S \lim _{x \rightarrow 1-0} \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} = S

Is the converse statement true?

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Problem 2.20.26

Let an⩾0(n=0,1,2,…)a_{n} \geqslant 0(n = 0,1,2, \ldots ) and let there exist

lim⁡x→R−0∑n=0∞anxn=S \lim _{x \rightarrow R-0} \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} = S

Prove that ∑n=0∞anRn=S\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} R^{n} = S.

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Problem 2.20.27

Prove that if the power series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} converges for x∈(0;1)x \in (0 ; 1),

lim⁡n→∞a1+2a2+…+nann=0,lim⁡x→1−0∑n=0∞anxn=A, \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{a_{1}+2 a_{2}+\ldots +n a_{n}}{n} = 0, \quad \lim _{x \rightarrow 1-0} \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} = A,

then

∑n=0∞an=A. \sum _{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} = A.
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Problem 2.20.28

Let the radius of convergence of the power series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} equal 1 and an>0(n=0,1,2,…)a_{n} > 0(n = 0,1,2, \ldots ). Prove that:

?
(1)

if the sum f(x)f(x) of this series is bounded on the interval [0;1)[0 ; 1), then the series ∑n=0∞an\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} converges and lim⁡x→1−0f(x)=∑n=0∞an\lim_{x \rightarrow 1-0} f(x) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n};

(2)

if the series ∑n=1∞an\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} diverges, then lim⁡x→1−0f(x)=+∞\lim_{x \rightarrow 1-0} f(x) = +\infty.

Problem 2.20.29

Let the power series ∑n=0∞anxn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} converge on the interval (0;1)(0 ; 1), and let its sum equal f(x)f(x). If lim⁡x→1−0f(x)=A\lim_{x \rightarrow 1-0} f(x) = A exists, then the series ∑n=0∞an\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} is said to be summable by the Poisson-Abel method, and the number AA is called the "generalized (Poisson-Abel) sum" of the given numerical series.

Show that the following series are summable by the Poisson-Abel method, and find the corresponding generalized sums:

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(1)

∑n=0∞(−1)n\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n};

(2)

12+∑n=1∞cos⁡nθ,−π⩽θ⩽π;\frac{1}{2}+\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \cos n \theta , \quad -\pi \leqslant \theta \leqslant \pi ;

(3)

∑n=1∞sin⁡nθ,−π⩽θ⩽π\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } \sin n \theta , \quad -\pi \leqslant \theta \leqslant \pi.

Problem 2.20.30

Prove that if the series ∑n=0∞an\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} is summable by the method of arithmetic means (see problem 47 of § 16), then it is also summable by the Poisson-Abel method to the same sum (Frobenius's theorem).

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Problem 2.20.31

Prove that if the series ∑n=0∞an\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } a_{n} and ∑n=0∞bn\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty } b_{n} are summable by the Poisson-Abel method to the sums AA and BB, respectively, then the series ∑n=0∞(a0bn+a1bn−1+…+an−1bn+anb0)\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty }\left(a_{0} b_{n}+a_{1} b_{n-1}+\ldots +a_{n-1} b_{n}+a_{n} b_{0}\right), i.e., the product of the given series, is also summable by the Poisson-Abel method to the sum ABA B.

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Problem 2.20.32

Let an>0,bn>0,∀n∈Na_{n} > 0, b_{n} > 0, \forall n \in N. Prove that:

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(1)

if lim⁡n→∞anbn=A\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{a_{n}}{b_{n}} = A and the series ∑n=1∞an\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} diverges, then

lim⁡x→1−0(∑n=1∞anxn/∑n=1∞bnxn)=A; \lim _{x \rightarrow 1-0}\left(\sum _{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} / \sum _{n = 1}^{\infty } b_{n} x^{n}\right) = A;
(2)

if lim⁡n→∞AnBn=A\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{A_{n}}{B_{n}} = A, where An=∑k=1nak,Bn=∑k=1nbkA_{n} = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} a_{k}, B_{n} = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} b_{k}, and if the series ∑n=1∞An\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty } A_{n} diverges, then

lim⁡x→1−0(∑n=1∞anxn/∑n=1∞bnxn)=A. \lim _{x \rightarrow 1-0}\left(\sum _{n = 1}^{\infty } a_{n} x^{n} / \sum _{n = 1}^{\infty } b_{n} x^{n}\right) = A.