Chapter XI

Tensors

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Problem 47.1

Which of the following tensors, given by their coordinates, are decomposable:

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(a)

tij=ijt_{i j}=i j;

(b)

tji=δ1ijt_{j}^{i}=\delta_{1 i} j;

(c)

tij=i+jt^{i j}=i+j;

(d)

tijk=2i+j+k2t_{i j}^{k}=2^{i+j+k^{2}};

(e)

tkij=δijδjkt_{k}^{i j}=\delta_{i j} \delta_{j k};

(f)

tijk=δijδjkδk1t_{i j k}=\delta_{i j} \delta_{j k} \delta_{k 1}?

Problem 47.2

Find the value F(v,f)F(v, f) of the tensor

F=e1⊗e2+e2⊗(e1+3e3)∈T11(V) F=e^{1} \otimes e_{2}+e^{2} \otimes \left(e_{1}+3 e_{3}\right) \in \mathbb {T}_{1}^{1}(V)

where v=e1+5e2+4e3,f=e1+e2+e3v=e_{1}+5 e_{2}+4 e_{3}, \quad f=e^{1}+e^{2}+e^{3}.

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Problem 47.3

Find the value of the tensor A⊗B−B⊗A∈T50(V)A \otimes B-B \otimes A \in \mathbb {T}_{5}^{0}(V) on the tuple (v1,…,v5)\left(v_{1}, \ldots , v_{5}\right):

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(a)

A=e1⊗e2+e2⊗e3+e2⊗e2∈T20(V)A=e^{1} \otimes e^{2}+e^{2} \otimes e^{3}+e^{2} \otimes e^{2} \in \mathbb {T}_{2}^{0}(V), B=e1⊗e1⊗(e1−e3)∈T30(V)B=e^{1} \otimes e^{1} \otimes \left(e^{1}-e^{3}\right) \in \mathbb {T}_{3}^{0}(V), v1=e1,v2=e1+e2,v3=e2+e3,v4=v5=e2;v_{1}=e_{1}, \quad v_{2}=e_{1}+e_{2}, \quad v_{3}=e_{2}+e_{3}, \quad v_{4}=v_{5}=e_{2} ;

(b)

A=e1⊗e2+e2⊗e3+e3⊗e1∈T20(V)A=e^{1} \otimes e^{2}+e^{2} \otimes e^{3}+e^{3} \otimes e^{1} \in \mathbb {T}_{2}^{0}(V), B∈T30(V)B \in \mathbb {T}_{3}^{0}(V), all coordinates of the tensor BB equal 1, v1=e1+e2,v2=e2+e3,v3=e3+e1,v4=v5=e2v_{1}=e_{1}+e_{2}, \quad v_{2}=e_{2}+e_{3}, \quad v_{3}=e_{3}+e_{1}, \quad v_{4}=v_{5}=e_{2}.

Problem 47.4

Find the value F(v,v,v,f,f)F(v, v, v, f, f) of the tensor F∈T32(V)F \in \mathbb {T}_{3}^{2}(V), if all coordinates of the tensor FF equal 3, and v=e1+2e2+3e3+4e4,f=e1−e4v=e_{1}+2 e_{2}+3 e_{3}+4 e_{4}, f=e^{1}-e^{4}.

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Problem 47.5

Find the coordinate t~12312\widetilde{t}_{123}^{12} of the tensor T∈T32(V)T \in \mathbb {T}_{3}^{2}(V), all of whose coordinates in the basis (e1,e2,e3)(e_{1}, e_{2}, e_{3}) equal 2, in the basis

(e~1,e~2,e~3)=(e1,e2,e3)[123012001] \left(\widetilde{e}_{1}, \widetilde{e}_{2}, \widetilde{e}_{3}\right)=\left(e_{1}, e_{2}, e_{3}\right)\left[\begin{smallmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{smallmatrix}\right]
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Problem 47.6

Find the coordinates with indices 1,2,3,3,31,2,3,3,3 of the products A⊗BA \otimes B and B⊗AB \otimes A of the tensors

A=e1⊗e2+e3⊗e3∈T20(V),B=B(v1,v2,v3)∈T30(V) A=e^{1} \otimes e^{2}+e^{3} \otimes e^{3} \in \mathbb {T}_{2}^{0}(V), \quad B=B\left(v_{1}, v_{2}, v_{3}\right) \in \mathbb {T}_{3}^{0}(V)

where B(v1,v2,v3)B\left(v_{1}, v_{2}, v_{3}\right) is the determinant formed from the coordinates of v1,v2v_{1}, v_{2}, v3v_{3} in the basis (e1,e2,e3)\left(e_{1}, e_{2}, e_{3}\right).

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Problem 47.7

Find the coordinates:

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(a)

t~211\widetilde{t}_{21}^{1} of the tensor e1⊗e2⊗(e1+e2)∈T21(V)e^{1} \otimes e^{2} \otimes \left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right) \in \mathbb {T}_{2}^{1}(V) in the basis

(e~1,e~2)=(e1,e2)[1123] \left(\widetilde{e}_{1}, \widetilde{e}_{2}\right)=\left(e_{1}, e_{2}\right)\left[\begin{smallmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 3 \end{smallmatrix}\right]
(b)

t~112\widetilde{t}_{1}^{12} of the tensor T∈T12(V)T \in \mathbb {T}_{1}^{2}(V), all of whose coordinates equal 1, in the basis

(e~1,e~2)=(e1,e2)[1225] \left(\widetilde{e}_{1}, \widetilde{e}_{2}\right)=\left(e_{1}, e_{2}\right)\left[\begin{smallmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 5 \end{smallmatrix}\right]
(c)

t~3112\widetilde{t}_{31}^{12} of the tensor e2⊗e1⊗e3⊗e1+e3⊗e3⊗e1⊗e2∈T22(V)e^{2} \otimes e^{1} \otimes e_{3} \otimes e_{1}+e^{3} \otimes e^{3} \otimes e_{1} \otimes e_{2} \in \mathbb {T}_{2}^{2}(V) in the basis

(e~1,e~2,e~3)=(e1,e2,e3)[100210321] \left(\widetilde{e}_{1}, \widetilde{e}_{2}, \widetilde{e}_{3}\right)=\left(e_{1}, e_{2}, e_{3}\right)\left[\begin{smallmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 3 & 2 & 1 \end{smallmatrix}\right]
Problem 47.8

Find the coordinates of the tensors:

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(a)

(e1+e2)⊗(e1−e2)\left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{1}-e_{2}\right);

(b)

(e1+e2)⊗(e1+e2)\left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right);

(c)

(e1+2e2)⊗(e1+e2)−(e1+e2)⊗(e1+2e2)\left(e_{1}+2 e_{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right)-\left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{1}+2 e_{2}\right);

(d)

(e1+2e2)⊗(e3+e4)−(e1−2e2)⊗(e3−e4)\left(e_{1}+2 e_{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{3}+e_{4}\right)-\left(e_{1}-2 e_{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{3}-e_{4}\right).

Problem 47.9

Let n=4,T=e1⊗e2+e2⊗e3+e3⊗e4∈T11(V)n=4, T=e^{1} \otimes e_{2}+e^{2} \otimes e_{3}+e^{3} \otimes e_{4} \in \mathbb {T}_{1}^{1}(V). Find all

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(a)

f∈V∗f \in V^{*} such that T(v,f)=0T(v, f)=0 for every v∈Vv \in V;

(b)

v∈Vv \in V such that T(v,f)=0T(v, f)=0 for every f∈V∗f \in V^{*}.

Problem 47.10

Let n=3n=3, the field K=Zp,T=e1⊗e2+e2⊗e3∈T11(V)K=\mathbf{Z}_{p}, T=e^{1} \otimes e_{2}+e^{2} \otimes e_{3} \in \mathbb {T}_{1}^{1}(V). Find the number of pairs (v,f)∈V×V∗(v, f) \in V \times V^{*} for which T(v,f)=0T(v, f)=0.

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Problem 47.11

Find the rank of the bilinear functions:

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(a)

(e1+e2)⊗(e1+e3)−e1⊗e1−e2⊗e2\left(e^{1}+e^{2}\right) \otimes \left(e^{1}+e^{3}\right)-e^{1} \otimes e^{1}-e^{2} \otimes e^{2};

(b)

(e1−2e3)⊗(e1+3e2−e4)+(e1−2e3)⊗e4\left(e^{1}-2 e^{3}\right) \otimes \left(e^{1}+3 e^{2}-e^{4}\right)+\left(e^{1}-2 e^{3}\right) \otimes e^{4};

(c)

(e1+e3)⊗(e2+e4)−(e2−e4)⊗(e1−e3)\left(e^{1}+e^{3}\right) \otimes \left(e^{2}+e^{4}\right)-\left(e^{2}-e^{4}\right) \otimes \left(e^{1}-e^{3}\right).

Problem 47.12

Prove that:

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(a)

the rank of the bilinear function u⊗vu \otimes v, where the elements u,v∈V∗u, v \in V^{*} are nonzero, equals 1;

(b)

the rank of the bilinear function ∑i=1kui⊗vi\sum_{i=1}^{k} u_{i} \otimes v_{i}, where ui,…,uk,v1,…,vk∈V∗u_{i}, \ldots , u_{k}, v_{1}, \ldots , v_{k} \in V^{*}, does not exceed kk.

Problem 47.13

Find the complete contraction of the tensors:

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(a)

(e1+3e2−e3)⊗(e1−2e3+3e4)−(e1+e3)⊗(e1−3e3+e4)\left(e_{1}+3 e_{2}-e_{3}\right) \otimes \left(e^{1}-2 e^{3}+3 e^{4}\right)-\left(e_{1}+e_{3}\right) \otimes \left(e^{1}-3 e^{3}+e^{4}\right);

(b)

(e1+2e2+3e3)⊗(e1+e2−2e3)−(e1−e2+e4)⊗(e2−2e3−3e4)\left(e_{1}+2 e_{2}+3 e_{3}\right) \otimes \left(e^{1}+e^{2}-2 e^{3}\right)-\left(e_{1}-e_{2}+e_{4}\right) \otimes \left(e^{2}-2 e^{3}-3 e^{4}\right);

(c)

e1⊗(e1+e2+e3+e4)+e2⊗(e1+2e2+2e3+4e4)+2e3⊗(e1−e2−e4)e_{1} \otimes \left(e^{1}+e^{2}+e^{3}+e^{4}\right)+e_{2} \otimes \left(e^{1}+2 e^{2}+2 e^{3}+4 e^{4}\right)+2 e_{3} \otimes \left(e^{1}-e^{2}-e^{4}\right).

Problem 47.14

Let α:V∗⊗V→L(V)\alpha : V^{*} \otimes V \rightarrow L(V) be the canonical isomorphism. Compute α(t)v\alpha (t) v for n=4n=4, where:

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(a)

t=e1⊗e3,v=e1+e2+e3+e4t=e^{1} \otimes e_{3}, \quad v=e_{1}+e_{2}+e_{3}+e_{4};

(b)

t=(e1+e2)⊗(e3+e4),v=2e1+3e2+2e3+3e4t=\left(e^{1}+e^{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{3}+e_{4}\right), \quad v=2 e_{1}+3 e_{2}+2 e_{3}+3 e_{4}.

Problem 47.15

Find x∈V∗⊗Vx \in V^{*} \otimes V such that α(x)=α(t)2\alpha (x)=\alpha (t)^{2} for tt equal to:

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(a)

(2e1−e3)\left(2 e^{1}-e^{3}\right) ⊗(e1+e2);\otimes \left(e_{1}+e_{2}\right) ;

(b)

e1⊗e2+(e1+2e2)⊗e3e^{1} \otimes e_{2}+\left(e^{1}+2 e^{2}\right) \otimes e_{3}.

Problem 47.16

Let a scalar product be given on the space VV with matrix

[2100110000110012] \left[\begin{smallmatrix} 2 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 \end{smallmatrix}\right]

Carry out the lowering and raising of indices for the tensors:

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(a)

e1⊗e3+e2⊗e4e^{1} \otimes e_{3}+e^{2} \otimes e_{4};

(b)

(e1+e2)⊗(e3+e4)−(e1+e3)⊗e3\left(e^{1}+e^{2}\right) \otimes \left(e_{3}+e_{4}\right)-\left(e^{1}+e^{3}\right) \otimes e_{3};

(c)

tji=δ2i+δ4jt_{j}^{i}=\delta_{2 i}+\delta_{4 j};

(d)

tji=iδijt_{j}^{i}=i \delta_{i j}.

Problem 47.17

Prove that if the operator A\mathcal{A} is diagonalizable, then the operator A⊗k\mathcal{A}^{\otimes^{k}} is also diagonalizable.

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Problem 47.18

Let aa be the trace of the operator A\mathcal{A}, dd its determinant. Find:

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(a)

tr⁡(A⊗A)\operatorname {tr}(\mathcal{A} \otimes \mathcal{A});

(b)

tr⁡(A⊗k)\operatorname {tr}\left(\mathcal{A}^{\otimes^{k}}\right);

(c)

det⁡(A⊗A)\operatorname {det}(\mathcal{A} \otimes \mathcal{A}).

Problem 47.19

Find the Jordan form of the matrix of the operator A⊗B\mathcal{A} \otimes \mathcal{B}, if the matrices of the operators A\mathcal{A} and B\mathcal{B} have, respectively, Jordan form:

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(a)

(1101),(100020003);\left(\begin{array}{ll}1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{lll}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3\end{array}\right) ;

(b)

(1101),(2102)\left(\begin{array}{ll}1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{ll}2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2\end{array}\right);

(c)

(1101),(010001000)\left(\begin{array}{ll}1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{lll}0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right).

Problem 48.1

Establish an isomorphism between the spaces (Tqp(V))∗\left(\mathbb {T}_{q}^{p}(V)\right)^{*} and Tpq(V)\mathbb {T}_{p}^{q}(V).

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Problem 48.2

Prove the following properties of the operators Sym and Alt on the space T0q(V)\mathbb {T}_{0}^{q}(V):

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(a)

the intersection of the kernels KerSym⁡\operatorname {KerSym} and Ker⁡Alt⁡\operatorname {Ker} \operatorname {Alt} equals zero for q=2q=2 and is nonzero for q>2q>2;

(b)

Sym⁡⋅Alt⁡=Alt⁡⋅Sym⁡=0\operatorname {Sym} \cdot \operatorname {Alt}=\operatorname {Alt} \cdot \operatorname {Sym}=0;

(c)

the operator P=(E−Sym⁡)(E−Alt⁡)\mathcal{P}=(\mathcal{E}-\operatorname {Sym})(\mathcal{E}-\operatorname {Alt}) is a projection.

Find the rank of the operator P\mathcal{P} for q=3q=3.

Problem 48.3

Prove that if the base field has characteristic 0, then the linear span of tensors of the form vk(v∈V)v^{k}(v \in V) coincides with Sk(V)S^{k}(V).

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Problem 48.4

Establish an isomorphism:

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(a)

Sq(V1⊕V2)S^{q}\left(V_{1} \oplus V_{2}\right) \quad and ⊕i=1qSi(V1)⊗Sq−i(V2)\quad \oplus_{i=1}^{q} S^{i}\left(V_{1}\right) \otimes S^{q-i}\left(V_{2}\right);

(b)

Λq(V1⊕V2)\Lambda^{q}\left(V_{1} \oplus V_{2}\right) \quad and ⊕i=1qΛi(V1)⊗Λq−i(V2)\quad \oplus_{i=1}^{q} \Lambda^{i}\left(V_{1}\right) \otimes \Lambda^{q-i}\left(V_{2}\right).

Problem 48.5

Prove that for dim⁡V>2\operatorname {dim} V>2 the spaces Λ2(Λ2(V))\Lambda^{2}\left(\Lambda^{2}(V)\right) and Λ4(V)\Lambda^{4}(V) do not coincide.

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Problem 48.6

Prove that for any nondegenerate bilinear function ff on the space VV there exists a nondegenerate bilinear function FF on the space Λ2V\Lambda^{2} V, for which

F(v1∧v2,v3∧v4)=det⁡[f(v1,v3)f(v1,v4)f(v2,v3)f(v2,v4)] F\left(v_{1} \wedge v_{2}, v_{3} \wedge v_{4}\right)=\operatorname {det}\left[\begin{smallmatrix} f\left(v_{1}, v_{3}\right) & f\left(v_{1}, v_{4}\right) \\ f\left(v_{2}, v_{3}\right) & f\left(v_{2}, v_{4}\right) \end{smallmatrix}\right]
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Problem 48.7

Find the trace of the operator Λq(A)\Lambda^{q}(\mathcal{A}) from its matrix A\mathcal{A}:

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(a)

(110022003)(q=2);\left(\begin{array}{lll}1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 3\end{array}\right) \quad (q=2) ; \quad

(b)

(1−200140000−4400−31)(q=4)\left(\begin{array}{rrrr}1 & -2 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 4 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -4 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & -3 & 1\end{array}\right) \quad (q=4);

(c)

(1012021010100013)(q=2,3)\left(\begin{array}{llll}1 & 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 3\end{array}\right) \quad (q=2,3).

Problem 48.8

Find the Jordan form of the matrix of the operator Λ2(A)\Lambda^{2}(\mathcal{A}), if the matrix A\mathcal{A} has Jordan form:

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(a)

(1100011000110001);\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right) ; \quad

(b)

(2100020000310003);\left(\begin{array}{cccc}2 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 3\end{array}\right) ;

(c)

(200000−200000−2000001100001)\left(\begin{array}{rrrrr}2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right).

Problem 48.9

Prove that if tr⁡Λq(A)=0\operatorname {tr} \Lambda^{q}(\mathcal{A})=0 for all q>0q>0, then the operator A\mathcal{A} is nilpotent.

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Problem 48.10

Prove that in an nn-dimensional space VV a nonzero operator of the form Λn−1(A)\Lambda^{n-1}(\mathcal{A}) on Λn−1(V)\Lambda^{n-1}(V) is either nonsingular or has rank 1.

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Problem 48.11

Prove that a kk-dimensional subspace W⊆VW \subseteq V is invariant under the linear operator A\mathcal{A} if and only if ΛkW\Lambda^{k} W is invariant under Λk(A)\Lambda^{k}(\mathcal{A}).

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Problem 48.12

Prove that for every bivector ξ∈Λ2(V)\xi \in \Lambda^{2}(V) there exists a basis (e1,…,en)(e_{1}, \ldots , e_{n}) of the space VV for which

ξ=e1∧e2+e3∧e4+…+ek−1∧ek \xi =e_{1} \wedge e_{2}+e_{3} \wedge e_{4}+\ldots +e_{k-1} \wedge e_{k}

for some even kk.

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Problem 48.13

Let the system v1,…,vkv_{1}, \ldots , v_{k} of vectors of the space VV be linearly independent and t1,…,tk∈Vt_{1}, \ldots , t_{k} \in V. Prove that

v1∧t1+…+vk∧tk=0 v_{1} \wedge t_{1}+\ldots +v_{k} \wedge t_{k}=0

if and only if t1,…,tk∈⟨v1,…,vk⟩t_{1}, \ldots , t_{k} \in \left\langle v_{1}, \ldots , v_{k}\right\rangle, and the matrix formed from the elements αij\alpha_{i j}, where ti=∑j=1kαijvjt_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{k} \alpha_{i j} v_{j}, is symmetric.

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Problem 48.14

Prove that a bivector ξ\xi is decomposable if and only if ξ∧ξ=0\xi \wedge \xi =0.

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Problem 48.15

Prove that for ξ∈Λp(V),x∈V,x≠0\xi \in \Lambda^{p}(V), x \in V, x \neq 0, the equality ξ∧x=0\xi \wedge x=0 holds if and only if ξ=x∧θ\xi =x \wedge \theta for some θ∈Λp−1(V)\theta \in \Lambda^{p-1}(V).

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Problem 48.16

Let ξ∈Λp(V)\xi \in \Lambda^{p}(V) be a nonzero pp-vector and

W={x∈V∣ξ∧x=0}. W=\left\{ x \in V \mid \xi \wedge x=0\right\} .

Prove that:

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(a)

dim⁡W⩽p\operatorname {dim} W \leqslant p;

(b)

dim⁡W=p\operatorname {dim} W=p if and only if ξ\xi is decomposable;

(c)

the smallest subspace in whose pp-th power the pp-vector ξ\xi lies is U={ξ(v,…,vp−1)∣vi∈V∗}U=\left\{ \xi \left(v, \ldots , v_{p-1}\right) \mid v_{i} \in V^{*}\right\}.

(d)

dim⁡U⩾p\operatorname {dim} U \geqslant p, and dim⁡U=p\operatorname {dim} U=p if and only if ξ\xi is decomposable.

Problem 48.17

Prove that interior multiplication i(v∗)i\left(v^{*}\right), where v∗∈V∗v^{*} \in V^{*}, is a derivation of the algebra S(V)S(V).

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Problem 48.18

Prove that the interior multiplication operators i(v1∗)i\left(v_{1}^{*}\right) and i(v2∗),v1∗,v2∗∈V∗i\left(v_{2}^{*}\right), v_{1}^{*}, v_{2}^{*} \in V^{*}, commute in the algebra S(V)S(V) and anticommute in the algebra Λ(V)\Lambda (V).

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