Boundedness of the differentiation operator

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(1)

Prove that the operator A:C1([a,b])→C([a,b])A: C^{1}(\left[a, b\right]) \rightarrow C(\left[a, b\right]), which is defined by the formula (Ax)(t)=dx(t)dt,t∈[a,b](A x)(t) = \frac{d x(t)}{d t}, t \in [a, b], is linear and continuous. Find its norm.

(2)

Let X,YX, Y be linear normed spaces. An operator A:D(A)⊂X→YA: D(A) \subset X \rightarrow Y is said to be densely defined if D(A)‾=X\overline{D(A)} = X, and closed, if for any sequence {xn:n≥}\left\{ x_{n}: n \geq \right\} 1) ⊂X\subset X such that xn→xx_{n} \rightarrow x in XX and Axn→yA x_{n} \rightarrow y in YY it follows that x∈D(A)x \in D(A) and y=Axy = A x.

Prove that the operator A:C1([a,b])⊂C([a,b])→C([a,b])A: C^{1}(\left[a, b\right]) \subset C(\left[a, b\right]) \rightarrow C(\left[a, b\right]), where (Ax)(t)=dx(t)dt,t∈[a,b],x∈C1([a,b])(A x)(t) = \frac{d x(t)}{d t}, t \in [a, b], x \in C^{1}(\left[a, b\right]), is densely defined and closed, but not continuous.

Prove that the differentiation operator Ax=x′A x = x^{\prime } is bounded as an operator

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(a)

from Cn[0,1]C^{n}[0,1] to Cn−1[0,1],n=1,2,…;C^{n-1}[0,1], n = 1,2, \ldots ;

(b)

from W21[0,1]W_{2}^{1}[0,1] to L2[0,1]L_{2}[0,1].

Find its image, kernel, and norm (in item а) assume that the space Cn[0,1]C^{n}[0,1] is equipped with the norm ∥x∥1=∑k=0n∥x(k)∥C[0,1]\left\| x\right\|_{1} = \sum_{k = 0}^{n}\left\| x^{(k)}\right\|_{C[0,1]}).

Prove that there is no normed space containing entire functions1, on which the differentiation operator is continuous.

Footnotes

  1. That is, functions f:C→Cf: \mathbb {C} \rightarrow \mathbb {C} holomorphic in the whole complex plane. ↩

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Give both C(1)[0,1]C^{(1)}[0,1] and C[0,1]C[0,1] the supremum norm. If A:C(1)[0,1]→C[0,1]A : C^{(1)}[0,1] \to C[0,1] is defined by Af=f′Af = f', show that AA is not bounded.

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Recall from Exercise 1.22 that Cb(R)C_{b}(\mathbb {R}) is a Banach space with respect to the uniform norm ∥⋅∥∞\left\| \cdot \right\|_{\infty }, and Cb1(R)C_{b}^{1}(\mathbb {R}) is a Banach space with respect to the norm ∥f∥Cb1=∥f∥∞+∥f′∥∞\left\| f\right\|_{C_{b}^{1}} = \left\| f\right\|_{\infty }+\left\| f^{\prime }\right\|_{\infty }.

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(a)

Define D:Cb1(R)→Cb(R)D: C_{b}^{1}(\mathbb {R}) \rightarrow C_{b}(\mathbb {R}) by Df=f′D f = f^{\prime }, and show that DD is a bounded operator.

(b)

Let D:Cb1(R)→Cb(R)D: C_{b}^{1}(\mathbb {R}) \rightarrow C_{b}(\mathbb {R}) be the same operator as in part (a), but replace the norm on Cb1(R)C_{b}^{1}(\mathbb {R}) by the L∞L^{\infty }-norm. Show that DD is now an unbounded operator.

Is differentiation, regarded as a mapping of the subspace consisting of continuously differentiable functions of the space C[a;b]C[a ; b] (see problem 31) into the space C[a;b]C[a ; b] itself, continuous?

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Is differentiation, regarded as a mapping of the space C1[a;b]C^{1}[a ; b] (see problem 93) onto the space C[a;b]C[a ; b] (see problem 31), continuous?

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Prove that the operator A:C1[0;1]→C[0;1]A: C^{1}[0 ; 1] \rightarrow C[0 ; 1] (see problems 8 and 11) is continuous, and find its norm, if:

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(1)

A(x)=x(t)A(x) = x(t);

(2)

A(x)=x′(t)A(x) = x^{\prime }(t).

Prove that if φk∈C[a;b]\varphi_{k} \in C[a ; b] (see problem 8), k=0,1,2,…,nk = 0,1,2, \ldots , n, then the operator

A:Cn[a;b]→C[a;b],A(x)=∑k=0nφk(t)x(k)(t) A: C^{n}[a ; b] \rightarrow C[a ; b], \quad A(x) = \sum _{k = 0}^{n} \varphi _{k}(t) x^{(k)}(t)

is bounded.

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Let C1([0,1])C^{1}([0,1]) denote the collection of all continuous functions with continuous derivative (including one-sided derivatives at the endpoints).

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(a)

Show that C1([0,1])C^{1}([0,1]), with the supremum norm, is a subspace of C([0,1])C([0,1]) but that it is not closed.

(b)

Prove that the differential operator

ddx:C′([0,1])→C([0,1]) \frac{d}{d x}: C^{\prime }([0,1]) \rightarrow C([0,1])

is linear but not bounded.

References

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