Fourier coefficients under symmetry and operations

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Prove that f‾^(n)=f^(−n)‾\hat{\overline{f}}(n) = \overline{\hat{f}(-n)} for all f∈L1(∂D)f \in L^{1}(\partial \mathbf{D}) and all n∈Zn \in \mathbf{Z}.

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Suppose f∈L1(∂D)f \in L^{1}(\partial \mathbf{D}). Prove that ff is real valued (almost everywhere) if and only if f^(−n)=f^(n)\widehat{f}(-n) = \widehat{f}(n) for every n∈Zn \in \mathbf{Z}.

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Let f(x)f(x) be an anti-periodic function with period π\pi, that is,

f(x+π)=−f(x). f(x+\pi )=-f(x).

What special property does the Fourier series of this function on the interval (−π,π)(-\pi ,\pi ) have?

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Let f(x+π)=f(x)f(x+\pi )=f(x). What special property does the Fourier series of the function f(x)f(x) on the interval (−π,π)(-\pi ,\pi ) have?

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A function y=f(x)y=f(x) with period 2π2\pi has a graph that is:

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(a)

symmetric about the points (0,0)(0,0), (±π2,0)\left(\pm \dfrac {\pi }{2},0\right) as centers;

(b)

symmetric about the origin as a center and about x=±π2x=\pm \dfrac {\pi }{2} as axes of symmetry,

What special properties do its Fourier coefficients ana_{n}, bnb_{n} (n=1,2,3,⋯n=1,2,3,\cdots) have in each case?

If the functions satisfy φ(−x)=ψ(x)\varphi (-x)=\psi (x), what relation holds between the Fourier coefficients an,bna_{n},b_{n} of φ(x)\varphi (x) and αn,βn\alpha_{n},\beta_{n} of ψ(x)\psi (x) (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots)?

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If the functions satisfy φ(−x)=−ψ(x)\varphi (-x)=-\psi (x), what relation holds between the Fourier coefficients an,bna_{n},b_{n} of φ(x)\varphi (x) and αn,βn\alpha_{n},\beta_{n} of ψ(x)\psi (x) (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots)?

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Given that the integrable function f(x)f(x) with period 2π2\pi has Fourier coefficients an,bna_{n},b_{n} (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots), compute the Fourier coefficients an‾,bn‾\overline{a_{n}},\overline{b_{n}} (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots) of the "shifted" function f(x+h)f(x+h) (h=h= constant).

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Given that the integrable function f(x)f(x) with period 2π2\pi has Fourier coefficients an,bna_{n},b_{n} (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots), compute the Fourier coefficients An,BnA_{n},B_{n} (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots) of the Steklov function

fh(x)=12h∫x−hx+hf(ξ) dξ f_{h}(x)=\frac{1}{2h}\int _{x-h}^{x+h} f(\xi )\, d\xi
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Let f(x)f(x) be a continuous function with period 2π2\pi, and let an,bna_{n},b_{n} (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots) be its Fourier coefficients. Find the Fourier coefficients An,BnA_{n},B_{n} (n=0,1,2,⋯n=0,1,2,\cdots) of the convolution function

F(x)=1π∫−ππf(t)f(x+t) dt F(x)=\frac{1}{\pi }\int _{-\pi }^{\pi } f(t)f(x+t)\, dt

Using the result obtained, derive Lyapunov's equality.

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Prove Lemma 13.5, and also derive analogous formulas for the inverse Fourier transforms (Taf)∨,(Mmf)∨,(Tmc)∨\left(T_{a} f\right)^{\vee },\left(M_{m} f\right)^{\vee },\left(T_{m} c\right)^{\vee }, and (Mac)∨\left(M_{a} c\right)^{\vee }.

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Given f∈L1(T)f \in L^{1}(\mathbf{T}), set f∗(x)=f(−x)f^{*}(x) = f(-x) and show that f∗^(n)=f^(−n)=f∨(n)\widehat{f^{*}}(n) = \widehat{f}(-n) = \stackrel{\vee }{f}(n). Conclude that if ff is even then f^\widehat{f} is even and f^=f∨\widehat{f} = \stackrel{\vee }{f}.

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What can be said about the Fourier coefficients of a function ff on T\mathrm{T} if it is known that ff

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(a)

is even (f(t)=f(1−t)f(t)=f(1-t))?

(b)

is odd (f(t)=−f(1−t)f(t)=-f(1-t))?

(c)

is real almost everywhere on T\mathrm{T}?

Express the following properties of a function ff in terms of the Fourier coefficients:

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(a)

f(t+1/2)=f(t)f(t+1/2)=f(t);

(b)

f(t+1/k)=λf(t)f(t+1/k)=\lambda f(t).

For what k∈Zk\in \mathbb {Z} do there exist nonzero functions having the latter property?

Let the function ff be integrable on [0,1/4][0,1/4]. Extend ff to [0,1][0,1] in such a way that its Fourier coefficients satisfy the relations c2k=0c_{2k}=0, c2k−1=−c1−2kc_{2k-1}=-c_{1-2k}.

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Let {cn}\left\{ c_n\right\} be the Fourier coefficients of a function f∈L1(T,dt)f\in L^{1}\left({\mathrm{T},dt}\right). Find the Fourier coefficients {cn(h)}\left\{ c_n(h)\right\} for the smoothed function (or Steklov function) fh(x)=(1/2h)∫x−hx+hf(ξ) dξf_h(x)=(1/2h)\int_{x-h}^{x+h}f(\xi )\, d\xi.

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Prove that if a function ff, absolutely integrable on the segment [−π;π][-\pi ; \pi ], satisfies the condition:

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(1)

f(x+π)=f(x)f(x+\pi ) = f(x), then a2n−1=b2n−1=0,n∈Na_{2 n-1} = b_{2 n-1} = 0, n \in N;

(2)

f(x+π)=−f(x)f(x+\pi ) = -f(x), then a0=0,a2n=b2n=0,n∈Na_{0} = 0, a_{2 n} = b_{2 n} = 0, n \in N.

What features do the Fourier coefficients of a function of period 2π2 \pi have if its graph:

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(1)

has a center of symmetry at the points (0;0)(0 ; 0) and (±π/2;0)(\pm \pi / 2 ; 0);

(2)

has a center of symmetry at the origin and axes of symmetry x=±π/2x = \pm \pi / 2?

How are the Fourier coefficients an,bna_{n}, b_{n} and αn\alpha_{n}, βn\beta_{n} of the functions ff and gg related, if f(−x)=g(x)f(-x) = g(x)?

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How are the Fourier coefficients an,bna_{n}, b_{n} and αn\alpha_{n}, βn\beta_{n} of the functions ff and gg related, if f(−x)=−g(x)f(-x) = -g(x)?

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Prove that the Fourier series of a finite linear combination of 2π2 \pi-periodic functions, absolutely integrable over the period, equals the same linear combination of the Fourier series of the given functions.

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Let ff be a 2π2 \pi-periodic function, absolutely integrable over the period. Prove that if an∗,bn∗a_{n}^{*}, b_{n}^{*} are the Fourier coefficients of the function f∗(x)=f(x+h)f^{*}(x) = f(x+h), and an,bna_{n}, b_{n} are the Fourier coefficients of the function ff, then

a0∗=a0,an∗=ancos⁡nh+bnsin⁡nhbn∗=bncos⁡nh−ansin⁡nh \begin{aligned} & a_{0}^{*} = a_{0}, \quad a_{n}^{*} = a_{n} \cos n h+b_{n} \sin n h \\ & b_{n}^{*} = b_{n} \cos n h-a_{n} \sin n h \end{aligned}
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Prove that f(x+α)∼∑n=−∞∞(cneinα)einx,α∈Rf(x+\alpha ) \sim \sum_{n = -\infty }^{\infty }\left(c_{n} e^{i n \alpha }\right) e^{i n x}, \quad \alpha \in R.

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Prove that if k∈Zk \in Z, then f(x)eikx∼∑n=−∞∞cn−keinxf(x) e^{i k x} \sim \sum_{n = -\infty }^{\infty } c_{n-k} e^{i n x}.

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Prove that fˉ∼∑n=−∞∞cˉ−neinx\bar{f} \sim \sum_{n = -\infty }^{\infty } \bar{c}_{-n} e^{i n x}.

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Let f(ϑ)f(\vartheta ) (ϑ\vartheta real) be a real-valued periodic function, f(ϑ+2π)=f(ϑ)f(\vartheta + 2\pi ) = f(\vartheta ). Each of the following equations (or pairs of equations respectively) characterizes a special symmetry property of the graph of the curve y=f(x)y = f(x):

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(1)

f(−ϑ)=f(ϑ)f(-\vartheta ) = f(\vartheta );

(2)

f(−ϑ)=−f(ϑ)f(-\vartheta ) = -f(\vartheta );

(3)

f(ϑ+π)=−f(ϑ)f(\vartheta + \pi ) = -f(\vartheta );

(4)

f(−ϑ)=f(ϑ)f(-\vartheta ) = f(\vartheta ), f(ϑ+π)=−f(ϑ)f(\vartheta +\pi ) = -f(\vartheta );

(5)

f(−ϑ)=−f(ϑ)f(-\vartheta ) = -f(\vartheta ), f(ϑ+π)=−f(ϑ)f(\vartheta +\pi ) = -f(\vartheta );

(6)

f(ϑ+π)=f(ϑ)f(\vartheta +\pi ) = f(\vartheta ).

Show that the existence of such a symmetry property is equivalent to the vanishing of certain (infinitely many) Fourier coefficients.

References

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[Hei11] Heil C. A Basis Theory Primer. Birkhäuser, 2011.
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