Complex conjugation and its properties

[9/33%]
Show
LaTeX

The number z+z‾z + \overline{z} is real, z−z‾z - \overline{z} is purely imaginary, zz‾z\overline{z} is real and not negative.

?

Let z=z0z = z_{0} be a root of a polynomial P(z)P(z) with real coefficients. Prove that P(zˉ0)=0P\left(\bar{z}_{0}\right) = 0, i.e., zˉ0\bar{z}_{0} is also a root of the polynomial P(z)P(z).

?
Problem 4.1 from Axler S. "Linear Algebra Done Right" [Axl24]More problems in Chapter 4 "Polynomials"

Suppose w,z∈Cw, z \in \mathbb {C}. Verify the following equalities and inequalities.

?
(a)

z+zˉ=2Re(z)z+\bar{z} = 2 \mathrm{Re}\left(z\right)

(b)

z−zˉ=2(Im(z))iz-\bar{z} = 2(\mathrm{Im}\left(z\right)) i

(c)

zzˉ=∣z∣2z \bar{z} = |z|^{2}

(d)

w+z‾=wˉ+zˉ\overline{w+z} = \bar{w}+\bar{z} and wz‾=wˉzˉ\overline{w z} = \bar{w} \bar{z}

(e)

zˉ‾=z\overline{\bar{z}} = z

(f)

∣Re(z)∣≤∣z∣\left|\mathrm{Re}\left(z\right)\right| \leq \left|z\right| and ∣Im(z)∣≤∣z∣\left|\mathrm{Im}\left(z\right)\right| \leq \left|z\right|

(g)

∣zˉ∣=∣z∣\left|\bar{z}\right| = \left|z\right|

(h)

∣wz∣=∣w∣∣z∣\left|w z\right| = \left|w\right||z|

The results above are the parts of 4.4 that were left to the reader.

Suppose p∈P(C)p \in \mathcal{P}(\mathbb {C}). Define q:C→Cq: \mathbb {C} \rightarrow \mathbb {C} by

q(z)=p(z)p(zˉ)‾. q(z) = p(z) \overline{p(\bar{z})}.

Prove that qq is a polynomial with real coefficients.

?

Prove that:

?
(a)

a complex number zz is real if and only if zˉ=z\bar{z}=z;

(b)

a complex number zz is purely imaginary if and only if zˉ=−z\bar{z}=-z.

Prove that:

?
(a)

the product of two complex numbers is real if and only if one of them differs from the conjugate of the other by a real factor;

(b)

the sum and the product of two complex numbers are both real if and only if the given numbers are either conjugate or both real.

Prove that if from given complex numbers z1,z2,…,znz_{1}, z_{2}, \ldots , z_{n}, by applying finitely many operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, a number zz is obtained, then from the numbers zˉ1,zˉ2,…,zˉn\bar{z}_{1}, \bar{z}_{2}, \ldots , \bar{z}_{n}, by applying the same operations, the number zˉ\bar{z} is obtained.

?

Prove that the determinant

[z1zˉ1az2zˉ2bz3zˉ3c] \left[\begin{smallmatrix} z_{1} & \bar{z}_{1} & a \\ z_{2} & \bar{z}_{2} & b \\ z_{3} & \bar{z}_{3} & c \end{smallmatrix}\right]

where z1,z2,z3z_{1}, z_{2}, z_{3} are complex numbers and a,b,ca, b, c are real numbers, is a purely imaginary number.

?

Let A,B∈Mn(R)A, B \in M_{n}(\mathbb {R}). Relying on Theorem 1, prove that det⁡(A+iB)‾=det⁡(A−iB)\overline{\operatorname {det}(A+i B)}=\operatorname {det}(A-i B) (the bar denotes conjugation).

?

References

[PóSz98] Pólya G., Szegő G. Problems and Theorems in Analysis. Springer, 1998.
[ШПК15] Шабунин М.И., Половинкин Е.С., Карлов М.И. Сборник задач по теории функций комплексного переменного. 4-е изд., БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2015.
[Axl24] Axler S. Linear Algebra Done Right. 4th ed., Springer, 2024.
[Кос15] Кострикин А.И. Сборник задач по алгебре. МЦНМО, 2015.
[Кос04] Кострикин А.И. Основы алгебры. ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2004.